Split coordinateoperation.cpp in many files in iso19111/operation directory

The big size of coordinateoperation.cpp could require significant amount
of RAM to build it with -O2 level, and cause compiler crashes in some
environments.

1 files changed, 2218 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/iso19111/operation/singleoperation.cpp b/src/iso19111/operation/singleoperation.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cd7b57a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/iso19111/operation/singleoperation.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2218 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Project:  PROJ
+ * Purpose:  ISO19111:2019 implementation
+ * Author:   Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
+ *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2018, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+ * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+ * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+ * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+ * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+ * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ ****************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef FROM_PROJ_CPP
+#define FROM_PROJ_CPP
+#endif
+
+#include "proj/common.hpp"
+#include "proj/coordinateoperation.hpp"
+#include "proj/crs.hpp"
+#include "proj/io.hpp"
+#include "proj/metadata.hpp"
+#include "proj/util.hpp"
+
+#include "proj/internal/internal.hpp"
+#include "proj/internal/io_internal.hpp"
+
+#include "coordinateoperation_internal.hpp"
+#include "coordinateoperation_private.hpp"
+#include "operationmethod_private.hpp"
+#include "oputils.hpp"
+#include "parammappings.hpp"
+
+// PROJ include order is sensitive
+// clang-format off
+#include "proj.h"
+#include "proj_internal.h" // M_PI
+// clang-format on
+#include "proj_constants.h"
+#include "proj_json_streaming_writer.hpp"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace NS_PROJ::internal;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+NS_PROJ_START
+namespace operation {
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+
+InvalidOperationEmptyIntersection::InvalidOperationEmptyIntersection(
+    const std::string &message)
+    : InvalidOperation(message) {}
+
+InvalidOperationEmptyIntersection::InvalidOperationEmptyIntersection(
+    const InvalidOperationEmptyIntersection &) = default;
+
+InvalidOperationEmptyIntersection::~InvalidOperationEmptyIntersection() =
+    default;
+
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+GridDescription::GridDescription()
+    : shortName{}, fullName{}, packageName{}, url{}, directDownload(false),
+      openLicense(false), available(false) {}
+
+GridDescription::~GridDescription() = default;
+
+GridDescription::GridDescription(const GridDescription &) = default;
+
+GridDescription::GridDescription(GridDescription &&other) noexcept
+    : shortName(std::move(other.shortName)),
+      fullName(std::move(other.fullName)),
+      packageName(std::move(other.packageName)),
+      url(std::move(other.url)),
+      directDownload(other.directDownload),
+      openLicense(other.openLicense),
+      available(other.available) {}
+
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CoordinateOperation::CoordinateOperation()
+    : d(internal::make_unique<Private>()) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CoordinateOperation::CoordinateOperation(const CoordinateOperation &other)
+    : ObjectUsage(other), d(internal::make_unique<Private>(*other.d)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+CoordinateOperation::~CoordinateOperation() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the version of the coordinate transformation (i.e.
+ * instantiation
+ * due to the stochastic nature of the parameters).
+ *
+ * Mandatory when describing a coordinate transformation or point motion
+ * operation, and should not be supplied for a coordinate conversion.
+ *
+ * @return version or empty.
+ */
+const util::optional<std::string> &
+CoordinateOperation::operationVersion() const {
+    return d->operationVersion_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return estimate(s) of the impact of this coordinate operation on
+ * point accuracy.
+ *
+ * Gives position error estimates for target coordinates of this coordinate
+ * operation, assuming no errors in source coordinates.
+ *
+ * @return estimate(s) or empty vector.
+ */
+const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &
+CoordinateOperation::coordinateOperationAccuracies() const {
+    return d->coordinateOperationAccuracies_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the source CRS of this coordinate operation.
+ *
+ * This should not be null, expect for of a derivingConversion of a DerivedCRS
+ * when the owning DerivedCRS has been destroyed.
+ *
+ * @return source CRS, or null.
+ */
+const crs::CRSPtr CoordinateOperation::sourceCRS() const {
+    return d->sourceCRSWeak_.lock();
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the target CRS of this coordinate operation.
+ *
+ * This should not be null, expect for of a derivingConversion of a DerivedCRS
+ * when the owning DerivedCRS has been destroyed.
+ *
+ * @return target CRS, or null.
+ */
+const crs::CRSPtr CoordinateOperation::targetCRS() const {
+    return d->targetCRSWeak_.lock();
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the interpolation CRS of this coordinate operation.
+ *
+ * @return interpolation CRS, or null.
+ */
+const crs::CRSPtr &CoordinateOperation::interpolationCRS() const {
+    return d->interpolationCRS_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the source epoch of coordinates.
+ *
+ * @return source epoch of coordinates, or empty.
+ */
+const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &
+CoordinateOperation::sourceCoordinateEpoch() const {
+    return d->sourceCoordinateEpoch_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the target epoch of coordinates.
+ *
+ * @return target epoch of coordinates, or empty.
+ */
+const util::optional<common::DataEpoch> &
+CoordinateOperation::targetCoordinateEpoch() const {
+    return d->targetCoordinateEpoch_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void CoordinateOperation::setWeakSourceTargetCRS(
+    std::weak_ptr<crs::CRS> sourceCRSIn, std::weak_ptr<crs::CRS> targetCRSIn) {
+    d->sourceCRSWeak_ = sourceCRSIn;
+    d->targetCRSWeak_ = targetCRSIn;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void CoordinateOperation::setCRSs(const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+                                  const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
+                                  const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn) {
+    d->strongRef_ =
+        internal::make_unique<Private::CRSStrongRef>(sourceCRSIn, targetCRSIn);
+    d->sourceCRSWeak_ = sourceCRSIn.as_nullable();
+    d->targetCRSWeak_ = targetCRSIn.as_nullable();
+    d->interpolationCRS_ = interpolationCRSIn;
+}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void CoordinateOperation::setCRSs(const CoordinateOperation *in,
+                                  bool inverseSourceTarget) {
+    auto l_sourceCRS = in->sourceCRS();
+    auto l_targetCRS = in->targetCRS();
+    if (l_sourceCRS && l_targetCRS) {
+        auto nn_sourceCRS = NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS);
+        auto nn_targetCRS = NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS);
+        if (inverseSourceTarget) {
+            setCRSs(nn_targetCRS, nn_sourceCRS, in->interpolationCRS());
+        } else {
+            setCRSs(nn_sourceCRS, nn_targetCRS, in->interpolationCRS());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void CoordinateOperation::setAccuracies(
+    const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies) {
+    d->coordinateOperationAccuracies_ = accuracies;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return whether a coordinate operation can be instantiated as
+ * a PROJ pipeline, checking in particular that referenced grids are
+ * available.
+ */
+bool CoordinateOperation::isPROJInstantiable(
+    const io::DatabaseContextPtr &databaseContext,
+    bool considerKnownGridsAsAvailable) const {
+    try {
+        exportToPROJString(io::PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
+    } catch (const std::exception &) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const auto &gridDesc :
+         gridsNeeded(databaseContext, considerKnownGridsAsAvailable)) {
+        if (!gridDesc.available) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return whether a coordinate operation has a "ballpark"
+ * transformation,
+ * that is a very approximate one, due to lack of more accurate transformations.
+ *
+ * Typically a null geographic offset between two horizontal datum, or a
+ * null vertical offset (or limited to unit changes) between two vertical
+ * datum. Errors of several tens to one hundred meters might be expected,
+ * compared to more accurate transformations.
+ */
+bool CoordinateOperation::hasBallparkTransformation() const {
+    return d->hasBallparkTransformation_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void CoordinateOperation::setHasBallparkTransformation(bool b) {
+    d->hasBallparkTransformation_ = b;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void CoordinateOperation::setProperties(
+    const util::PropertyMap &properties) // throw(InvalidValueTypeException)
+{
+    ObjectUsage::setProperties(properties);
+    properties.getStringValue(OPERATION_VERSION_KEY, d->operationVersion_);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return a variation of the current coordinate operation whose axis
+ * order is the one expected for visualization purposes.
+ */
+CoordinateOperationNNPtr
+CoordinateOperation::normalizeForVisualization() const {
+    auto l_sourceCRS = sourceCRS();
+    auto l_targetCRS = targetCRS();
+    if (!l_sourceCRS || !l_targetCRS) {
+        throw util::UnsupportedOperationException(
+            "Cannot retrieve source or target CRS");
+    }
+    const bool swapSource =
+        l_sourceCRS->mustAxisOrderBeSwitchedForVisualization();
+    const bool swapTarget =
+        l_targetCRS->mustAxisOrderBeSwitchedForVisualization();
+    auto l_this = NN_NO_CHECK(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<CoordinateOperation>(
+        shared_from_this().as_nullable()));
+    if (!swapSource && !swapTarget) {
+        return l_this;
+    }
+    std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> subOps;
+    if (swapSource) {
+        auto op = Conversion::createAxisOrderReversal(false);
+        op->setCRSs(l_sourceCRS->normalizeForVisualization(),
+                    NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS), nullptr);
+        subOps.emplace_back(op);
+    }
+    subOps.emplace_back(l_this);
+    if (swapTarget) {
+        auto op = Conversion::createAxisOrderReversal(false);
+        op->setCRSs(NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS),
+                    l_targetCRS->normalizeForVisualization(), nullptr);
+        subOps.emplace_back(op);
+    }
+    return util::nn_static_pointer_cast<CoordinateOperation>(
+        ConcatenatedOperation::createComputeMetadata(subOps, true));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+CoordinateOperationNNPtr CoordinateOperation::shallowClone() const {
+    return _shallowClone();
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OperationMethod::OperationMethod() : d(internal::make_unique<Private>()) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OperationMethod::OperationMethod(const OperationMethod &other)
+    : IdentifiedObject(other), d(internal::make_unique<Private>(*other.d)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+OperationMethod::~OperationMethod() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the formula(s) or procedure used by this coordinate operation
+ * method.
+ *
+ * This may be a reference to a publication (in which case use
+ * formulaCitation()).
+ *
+ * Note that the operation method may not be analytic, in which case this
+ * attribute references or contains the procedure, not an analytic formula.
+ *
+ * @return the formula, or empty.
+ */
+const util::optional<std::string> &OperationMethod::formula() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->formula_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return a reference to a publication giving the formula(s) or
+ * procedure
+ * used by the coordinate operation method.
+ *
+ * @return the formula citation, or empty.
+ */
+const util::optional<metadata::Citation> &
+OperationMethod::formulaCitation() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->formulaCitation_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the parameters of this operation method.
+ *
+ * @return the parameters.
+ */
+const std::vector<GeneralOperationParameterNNPtr> &
+OperationMethod::parameters() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->parameters_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a operation method from a vector of
+ * GeneralOperationParameter.
+ *
+ * @param properties See \ref general_properties. At minimum the name should be
+ * defined.
+ * @param parameters Vector of GeneralOperationParameterNNPtr.
+ * @return a new OperationMethod.
+ */
+OperationMethodNNPtr OperationMethod::create(
+    const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+    const std::vector<GeneralOperationParameterNNPtr> &parameters) {
+    OperationMethodNNPtr method(
+        OperationMethod::nn_make_shared<OperationMethod>());
+    method->assignSelf(method);
+    method->setProperties(properties);
+    method->d->parameters_ = parameters;
+    properties.getStringValue("proj_method", method->d->projMethodOverride_);
+    return method;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a operation method from a vector of OperationParameter.
+ *
+ * @param properties See \ref general_properties. At minimum the name should be
+ * defined.
+ * @param parameters Vector of OperationParameterNNPtr.
+ * @return a new OperationMethod.
+ */
+OperationMethodNNPtr OperationMethod::create(
+    const util::PropertyMap &properties,
+    const std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr> &parameters) {
+    std::vector<GeneralOperationParameterNNPtr> parametersGeneral;
+    parametersGeneral.reserve(parameters.size());
+    for (const auto &p : parameters) {
+        parametersGeneral.push_back(p);
+    }
+    return create(properties, parametersGeneral);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the EPSG code, either directly, or through the name
+ * @return code, or 0 if not found
+ */
+int OperationMethod::getEPSGCode() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    int epsg_code = IdentifiedObject::getEPSGCode();
+    if (epsg_code == 0) {
+        auto l_name = nameStr();
+        if (ends_with(l_name, " (3D)")) {
+            l_name.resize(l_name.size() - strlen(" (3D)"));
+        }
+        size_t nMethodNameCodes = 0;
+        const auto methodNameCodes = getMethodNameCodes(nMethodNameCodes);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < nMethodNameCodes; ++i) {
+            const auto &tuple = methodNameCodes[i];
+            if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(l_name.c_str(),
+                                                       tuple.name)) {
+                return tuple.epsg_code;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return epsg_code;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+void OperationMethod::_exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter) const {
+    const bool isWKT2 = formatter->version() == io::WKTFormatter::Version::WKT2;
+    formatter->startNode(isWKT2 ? io::WKTConstants::METHOD
+                                : io::WKTConstants::PROJECTION,
+                         !identifiers().empty());
+    std::string l_name(nameStr());
+    if (!isWKT2) {
+        const MethodMapping *mapping = getMapping(this);
+        if (mapping == nullptr) {
+            l_name = replaceAll(l_name, " ", "_");
+        } else {
+            if (l_name ==
+                PROJ_WKT2_NAME_METHOD_GEOSTATIONARY_SATELLITE_SWEEP_X) {
+                l_name = "Geostationary_Satellite";
+            } else {
+                if (mapping->wkt1_name == nullptr) {
+                    throw io::FormattingException(
+                        std::string("Unsupported conversion method: ") +
+                        mapping->wkt2_name);
+                }
+                l_name = mapping->wkt1_name;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    formatter->addQuotedString(l_name);
+    if (formatter->outputId()) {
+        formatID(formatter);
+    }
+    formatter->endNode();
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+void OperationMethod::_exportToJSON(
+    io::JSONFormatter *formatter) const // throw(FormattingException)
+{
+    auto writer = formatter->writer();
+    auto objectContext(formatter->MakeObjectContext("OperationMethod",
+                                                    !identifiers().empty()));
+
+    writer->AddObjKey("name");
+    writer->Add(nameStr());
+
+    if (formatter->outputId()) {
+        formatID(formatter);
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+bool OperationMethod::_isEquivalentTo(
+    const util::IComparable *other, util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+    const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext) const {
+    auto otherOM = dynamic_cast<const OperationMethod *>(other);
+    if (otherOM == nullptr ||
+        !IdentifiedObject::_isEquivalentTo(other, criterion, dbContext)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // TODO test formula and formulaCitation
+    const auto &params = parameters();
+    const auto &otherParams = otherOM->parameters();
+    const auto paramsSize = params.size();
+    if (paramsSize != otherParams.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < paramsSize; i++) {
+            if (!params[i]->_isEquivalentTo(otherParams[i].get(), criterion,
+                                            dbContext)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        std::vector<bool> candidateIndices(paramsSize, true);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < paramsSize; i++) {
+            bool found = false;
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < paramsSize; j++) {
+                if (candidateIndices[j] &&
+                    params[i]->_isEquivalentTo(otherParams[j].get(), criterion,
+                                               dbContext)) {
+                    candidateIndices[j] = false;
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!found) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+struct GeneralParameterValue::Private {};
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+GeneralParameterValue::GeneralParameterValue() : d(nullptr) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+GeneralParameterValue::GeneralParameterValue(const GeneralParameterValue &)
+    : d(nullptr) {}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+GeneralParameterValue::~GeneralParameterValue() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+struct OperationParameterValue::Private {
+    OperationParameterNNPtr parameter;
+    ParameterValueNNPtr parameterValue;
+
+    Private(const OperationParameterNNPtr &parameterIn,
+            const ParameterValueNNPtr &valueIn)
+        : parameter(parameterIn), parameterValue(valueIn) {}
+};
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OperationParameterValue::OperationParameterValue(
+    const OperationParameterValue &other)
+    : GeneralParameterValue(other),
+      d(internal::make_unique<Private>(*other.d)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OperationParameterValue::OperationParameterValue(
+    const OperationParameterNNPtr &parameterIn,
+    const ParameterValueNNPtr &valueIn)
+    : GeneralParameterValue(),
+      d(internal::make_unique<Private>(parameterIn, valueIn)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a OperationParameterValue.
+ *
+ * @param parameterIn Parameter (definition).
+ * @param valueIn Parameter value.
+ * @return a new OperationParameterValue.
+ */
+OperationParameterValueNNPtr
+OperationParameterValue::create(const OperationParameterNNPtr &parameterIn,
+                                const ParameterValueNNPtr &valueIn) {
+    return OperationParameterValue::nn_make_shared<OperationParameterValue>(
+        parameterIn, valueIn);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+OperationParameterValue::~OperationParameterValue() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the parameter (definition)
+ *
+ * @return the parameter (definition).
+ */
+const OperationParameterNNPtr &
+OperationParameterValue::parameter() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->parameter;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the parameter value.
+ *
+ * @return the parameter value.
+ */
+const ParameterValueNNPtr &
+OperationParameterValue::parameterValue() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->parameterValue;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+void OperationParameterValue::_exportToWKT(
+    // cppcheck-suppress passedByValue
+    io::WKTFormatter *formatter) const {
+    _exportToWKT(formatter, nullptr);
+}
+
+void OperationParameterValue::_exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter,
+                                           const MethodMapping *mapping) const {
+    const ParamMapping *paramMapping =
+        mapping ? getMapping(mapping, d->parameter) : nullptr;
+    if (paramMapping && paramMapping->wkt1_name == nullptr) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const bool isWKT2 = formatter->version() == io::WKTFormatter::Version::WKT2;
+    if (isWKT2 && parameterValue()->type() == ParameterValue::Type::FILENAME) {
+        formatter->startNode(io::WKTConstants::PARAMETERFILE,
+                             !parameter()->identifiers().empty());
+    } else {
+        formatter->startNode(io::WKTConstants::PARAMETER,
+                             !parameter()->identifiers().empty());
+    }
+    if (paramMapping) {
+        formatter->addQuotedString(paramMapping->wkt1_name);
+    } else {
+        formatter->addQuotedString(parameter()->nameStr());
+    }
+    parameterValue()->_exportToWKT(formatter);
+    if (formatter->outputId()) {
+        parameter()->formatID(formatter);
+    }
+    formatter->endNode();
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+void OperationParameterValue::_exportToJSON(
+    io::JSONFormatter *formatter) const {
+    auto writer = formatter->writer();
+    auto objectContext(formatter->MakeObjectContext(
+        "ParameterValue", !parameter()->identifiers().empty()));
+
+    writer->AddObjKey("name");
+    writer->Add(parameter()->nameStr());
+
+    const auto &l_value(parameterValue());
+    if (l_value->type() == ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+        writer->AddObjKey("value");
+        writer->Add(l_value->value().value(), 15);
+        writer->AddObjKey("unit");
+        const auto &l_unit(l_value->value().unit());
+        if (l_unit == common::UnitOfMeasure::METRE ||
+            l_unit == common::UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE ||
+            l_unit == common::UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY) {
+            writer->Add(l_unit.name());
+        } else {
+            l_unit._exportToJSON(formatter);
+        }
+    } else if (l_value->type() == ParameterValue::Type::FILENAME) {
+        writer->AddObjKey("value");
+        writer->Add(l_value->valueFile());
+    }
+
+    if (formatter->outputId()) {
+        parameter()->formatID(formatter);
+    }
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+
+/** Utility method used on WKT2 import to convert from abridged transformation
+ * to "normal" transformation parameters.
+ */
+bool OperationParameterValue::convertFromAbridged(
+    const std::string &paramName, double &val,
+    const common::UnitOfMeasure *&unit, int &paramEPSGCode) {
+    if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+            paramName.c_str(), EPSG_NAME_PARAMETER_X_AXIS_TRANSLATION) ||
+        paramEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_X_AXIS_TRANSLATION) {
+        unit = &common::UnitOfMeasure::METRE;
+        paramEPSGCode = EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_X_AXIS_TRANSLATION;
+        return true;
+    } else if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+                   paramName.c_str(), EPSG_NAME_PARAMETER_Y_AXIS_TRANSLATION) ||
+               paramEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Y_AXIS_TRANSLATION) {
+        unit = &common::UnitOfMeasure::METRE;
+        paramEPSGCode = EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Y_AXIS_TRANSLATION;
+        return true;
+    } else if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+                   paramName.c_str(), EPSG_NAME_PARAMETER_Z_AXIS_TRANSLATION) ||
+               paramEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Z_AXIS_TRANSLATION) {
+        unit = &common::UnitOfMeasure::METRE;
+        paramEPSGCode = EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Z_AXIS_TRANSLATION;
+        return true;
+    } else if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+                   paramName.c_str(), EPSG_NAME_PARAMETER_X_AXIS_ROTATION) ||
+               paramEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_X_AXIS_ROTATION) {
+        unit = &common::UnitOfMeasure::ARC_SECOND;
+        paramEPSGCode = EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_X_AXIS_ROTATION;
+        return true;
+    } else if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+                   paramName.c_str(), EPSG_NAME_PARAMETER_Y_AXIS_ROTATION) ||
+               paramEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Y_AXIS_ROTATION) {
+        unit = &common::UnitOfMeasure::ARC_SECOND;
+        paramEPSGCode = EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Y_AXIS_ROTATION;
+        return true;
+
+    } else if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+                   paramName.c_str(), EPSG_NAME_PARAMETER_Z_AXIS_ROTATION) ||
+               paramEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Z_AXIS_ROTATION) {
+        unit = &common::UnitOfMeasure::ARC_SECOND;
+        paramEPSGCode = EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_Z_AXIS_ROTATION;
+        return true;
+
+    } else if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+                   paramName.c_str(), EPSG_NAME_PARAMETER_SCALE_DIFFERENCE) ||
+               paramEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_SCALE_DIFFERENCE) {
+        val = (val - 1.0) * 1e6;
+        unit = &common::UnitOfMeasure::PARTS_PER_MILLION;
+        paramEPSGCode = EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_SCALE_DIFFERENCE;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+bool OperationParameterValue::_isEquivalentTo(
+    const util::IComparable *other, util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+    const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext) const {
+    auto otherOPV = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(other);
+    if (otherOPV == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!d->parameter->_isEquivalentTo(otherOPV->d->parameter.get(), criterion,
+                                       dbContext)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT) {
+        return d->parameterValue->_isEquivalentTo(
+            otherOPV->d->parameterValue.get(), criterion);
+    }
+    if (d->parameterValue->_isEquivalentTo(otherOPV->d->parameterValue.get(),
+                                           criterion, dbContext)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (d->parameter->getEPSGCode() ==
+            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_AZIMUTH_INITIAL_LINE ||
+        d->parameter->getEPSGCode() ==
+            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_ANGLE_RECTIFIED_TO_SKEW_GRID) {
+        if (parameterValue()->type() == ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE &&
+            otherOPV->parameterValue()->type() ==
+                ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+            const double a = std::fmod(parameterValue()->value().convertToUnit(
+                                           common::UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE) +
+                                           360.0,
+                                       360.0);
+            const double b =
+                std::fmod(otherOPV->parameterValue()->value().convertToUnit(
+                              common::UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE) +
+                              360.0,
+                          360.0);
+            return std::fabs(a - b) <= 1e-10 * std::fabs(a);
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+struct GeneralOperationParameter::Private {};
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+GeneralOperationParameter::GeneralOperationParameter() : d(nullptr) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+GeneralOperationParameter::GeneralOperationParameter(
+    const GeneralOperationParameter &other)
+    : IdentifiedObject(other), d(nullptr) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+GeneralOperationParameter::~GeneralOperationParameter() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+struct OperationParameter::Private {};
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OperationParameter::OperationParameter() : d(nullptr) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+OperationParameter::OperationParameter(const OperationParameter &other)
+    : GeneralOperationParameter(other), d(nullptr) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+OperationParameter::~OperationParameter() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a OperationParameter.
+ *
+ * @param properties See \ref general_properties. At minimum the name should be
+ * defined.
+ * @return a new OperationParameter.
+ */
+OperationParameterNNPtr
+OperationParameter::create(const util::PropertyMap &properties) {
+    OperationParameterNNPtr op(
+        OperationParameter::nn_make_shared<OperationParameter>());
+    op->assignSelf(op);
+    op->setProperties(properties);
+    return op;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+bool OperationParameter::_isEquivalentTo(
+    const util::IComparable *other, util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+    const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext) const {
+    auto otherOP = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameter *>(other);
+    if (otherOP == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT) {
+        return IdentifiedObject::_isEquivalentTo(other, criterion, dbContext);
+    }
+    if (IdentifiedObject::_isEquivalentTo(other, criterion, dbContext)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    auto l_epsgCode = getEPSGCode();
+    return l_epsgCode != 0 && l_epsgCode == otherOP->getEPSGCode();
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void OperationParameter::_exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *) const {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the name of a parameter designed by its EPSG code
+ * @return name, or nullptr if not found
+ */
+const char *OperationParameter::getNameForEPSGCode(int epsg_code) noexcept {
+    size_t nParamNameCodes = 0;
+    const auto paramNameCodes = getParamNameCodes(nParamNameCodes);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nParamNameCodes; ++i) {
+        const auto &tuple = paramNameCodes[i];
+        if (tuple.epsg_code == epsg_code) {
+            return tuple.name;
+        }
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the EPSG code, either directly, or through the name
+ * @return code, or 0 if not found
+ */
+int OperationParameter::getEPSGCode() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    int epsg_code = IdentifiedObject::getEPSGCode();
+    if (epsg_code == 0) {
+        const auto &l_name = nameStr();
+        size_t nParamNameCodes = 0;
+        const auto paramNameCodes = getParamNameCodes(nParamNameCodes);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < nParamNameCodes; ++i) {
+            const auto &tuple = paramNameCodes[i];
+            if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(l_name.c_str(),
+                                                       tuple.name)) {
+                return tuple.epsg_code;
+            }
+        }
+        if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(l_name.c_str(),
+                                                   "Latitude of origin")) {
+            return EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_OF_NATURAL_ORIGIN;
+        }
+        if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(l_name.c_str(),
+                                                   "Scale factor")) {
+            return EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_SCALE_FACTOR_AT_NATURAL_ORIGIN;
+        }
+    }
+    return epsg_code;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+struct SingleOperation::Private {
+    std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> parameterValues_{};
+    OperationMethodNNPtr method_;
+
+    explicit Private(const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn)
+        : method_(methodIn) {}
+};
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+SingleOperation::SingleOperation(const OperationMethodNNPtr &methodIn)
+    : d(internal::make_unique<Private>(methodIn)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+SingleOperation::SingleOperation(const SingleOperation &other)
+    :
+#if !defined(COMPILER_WARNS_ABOUT_ABSTRACT_VBASE_INIT)
+      CoordinateOperation(other),
+#endif
+      d(internal::make_unique<Private>(*other.d)) {
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+SingleOperation::~SingleOperation() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the parameter values.
+ *
+ * @return the parameter values.
+ */
+const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &
+SingleOperation::parameterValues() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->parameterValues_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the operation method associated to the operation.
+ *
+ * @return the operation method.
+ */
+const OperationMethodNNPtr &SingleOperation::method() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->method_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void SingleOperation::setParameterValues(
+    const std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr> &values) {
+    d->parameterValues_ = values;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+static const ParameterValuePtr nullParameterValue;
+//! @endcond
+
+/** \brief Return the parameter value corresponding to a parameter name or
+ * EPSG code
+ *
+ * @param paramName the parameter name (or empty, in which case epsg_code
+ *                  should be non zero)
+ * @param epsg_code the parameter EPSG code (possibly zero)
+ * @return the value, or nullptr if not found.
+ */
+const ParameterValuePtr &
+SingleOperation::parameterValue(const std::string &paramName,
+                                int epsg_code) const noexcept {
+    if (epsg_code) {
+        for (const auto &genOpParamvalue : parameterValues()) {
+            auto opParamvalue = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+                genOpParamvalue.get());
+            if (opParamvalue) {
+                const auto &parameter = opParamvalue->parameter();
+                if (parameter->getEPSGCode() == epsg_code) {
+                    return opParamvalue->parameterValue();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (const auto &genOpParamvalue : parameterValues()) {
+        auto opParamvalue = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+            genOpParamvalue.get());
+        if (opParamvalue) {
+            const auto &parameter = opParamvalue->parameter();
+            if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(
+                    paramName.c_str(), parameter->nameStr().c_str())) {
+                return opParamvalue->parameterValue();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (const auto &genOpParamvalue : parameterValues()) {
+        auto opParamvalue = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+            genOpParamvalue.get());
+        if (opParamvalue) {
+            const auto &parameter = opParamvalue->parameter();
+            if (areEquivalentParameters(paramName, parameter->nameStr())) {
+                return opParamvalue->parameterValue();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return nullParameterValue;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the parameter value corresponding to a EPSG code
+ *
+ * @param epsg_code the parameter EPSG code
+ * @return the value, or nullptr if not found.
+ */
+const ParameterValuePtr &SingleOperation::parameterValue(int epsg_code) const
+    noexcept {
+    for (const auto &genOpParamvalue : parameterValues()) {
+        auto opParamvalue = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+            genOpParamvalue.get());
+        if (opParamvalue) {
+            const auto &parameter = opParamvalue->parameter();
+            if (parameter->getEPSGCode() == epsg_code) {
+                return opParamvalue->parameterValue();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return nullParameterValue;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Return the parameter value, as a measure, corresponding to a
+ * parameter name or EPSG code
+ *
+ * @param paramName the parameter name (or empty, in which case epsg_code
+ *                  should be non zero)
+ * @param epsg_code the parameter EPSG code (possibly zero)
+ * @return the measure, or the empty Measure() object if not found.
+ */
+const common::Measure &
+SingleOperation::parameterValueMeasure(const std::string &paramName,
+                                       int epsg_code) const noexcept {
+    const auto &val = parameterValue(paramName, epsg_code);
+    if (val && val->type() == ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+        return val->value();
+    }
+    return nullMeasure;
+}
+
+/** \brief Return the parameter value, as a measure, corresponding to a
+ * EPSG code
+ *
+ * @param epsg_code the parameter EPSG code
+ * @return the measure, or the empty Measure() object if not found.
+ */
+const common::Measure &
+SingleOperation::parameterValueMeasure(int epsg_code) const noexcept {
+    const auto &val = parameterValue(epsg_code);
+    if (val && val->type() == ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+        return val->value();
+    }
+    return nullMeasure;
+}
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+
+double SingleOperation::parameterValueNumericAsSI(int epsg_code) const
+    noexcept {
+    const auto &val = parameterValue(epsg_code);
+    if (val && val->type() == ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+        return val->value().getSIValue();
+    }
+    return 0.0;
+}
+
+double SingleOperation::parameterValueNumeric(
+    int epsg_code, const common::UnitOfMeasure &targetUnit) const noexcept {
+    const auto &val = parameterValue(epsg_code);
+    if (val && val->type() == ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+        return val->value().convertToUnit(targetUnit);
+    }
+    return 0.0;
+}
+
+double SingleOperation::parameterValueNumeric(
+    const char *param_name, const common::UnitOfMeasure &targetUnit) const
+    noexcept {
+    const auto &val = parameterValue(param_name, 0);
+    if (val && val->type() == ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+        return val->value().convertToUnit(targetUnit);
+    }
+    return 0.0;
+}
+
+//! @endcond
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a PROJ-based single operation.
+ *
+ * \note The operation might internally be a pipeline chaining several
+ * operations.
+ * The use of the SingleOperation modeling here is mostly to be able to get
+ * the PROJ string as a parameter.
+ *
+ * @param properties Properties
+ * @param PROJString the PROJ string.
+ * @param sourceCRS source CRS (might be null).
+ * @param targetCRS target CRS (might be null).
+ * @param accuracies Vector of positional accuracy (might be empty).
+ * @return the new instance
+ */
+SingleOperationNNPtr SingleOperation::createPROJBased(
+    const util::PropertyMap &properties, const std::string &PROJString,
+    const crs::CRSPtr &sourceCRS, const crs::CRSPtr &targetCRS,
+    const std::vector<metadata::PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> &accuracies) {
+    return util::nn_static_pointer_cast<SingleOperation>(
+        PROJBasedOperation::create(properties, PROJString, sourceCRS, targetCRS,
+                                   accuracies));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+bool SingleOperation::_isEquivalentTo(
+    const util::IComparable *other, util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+    const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext) const {
+    return _isEquivalentTo(other, criterion, dbContext, false);
+}
+
+bool SingleOperation::_isEquivalentTo(const util::IComparable *other,
+                                      util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+                                      const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext,
+                                      bool inOtherDirection) const {
+
+    auto otherSO = dynamic_cast<const SingleOperation *>(other);
+    if (otherSO == nullptr ||
+        (criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT &&
+         !ObjectUsage::_isEquivalentTo(other, criterion, dbContext))) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const int methodEPSGCode = d->method_->getEPSGCode();
+    const int otherMethodEPSGCode = otherSO->d->method_->getEPSGCode();
+
+    bool equivalentMethods =
+        (criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT &&
+         methodEPSGCode != 0 && methodEPSGCode == otherMethodEPSGCode) ||
+        d->method_->_isEquivalentTo(otherSO->d->method_.get(), criterion,
+                                    dbContext);
+    if (!equivalentMethods &&
+        criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT) {
+        if ((methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_AZIMUTHAL_EQUAL_AREA &&
+             otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_AZIMUTHAL_EQUAL_AREA_SPHERICAL) ||
+            (otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_AZIMUTHAL_EQUAL_AREA &&
+             methodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_AZIMUTHAL_EQUAL_AREA_SPHERICAL) ||
+            (methodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CYLINDRICAL_EQUAL_AREA &&
+             otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CYLINDRICAL_EQUAL_AREA_SPHERICAL) ||
+            (otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CYLINDRICAL_EQUAL_AREA &&
+             methodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CYLINDRICAL_EQUAL_AREA_SPHERICAL) ||
+            (methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_EQUIDISTANT_CYLINDRICAL &&
+             otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_EQUIDISTANT_CYLINDRICAL_SPHERICAL) ||
+            (otherMethodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_EQUIDISTANT_CYLINDRICAL &&
+             methodEPSGCode ==
+                 EPSG_CODE_METHOD_EQUIDISTANT_CYLINDRICAL_SPHERICAL)) {
+            auto geodCRS =
+                dynamic_cast<const crs::GeodeticCRS *>(sourceCRS().get());
+            auto otherGeodCRS = dynamic_cast<const crs::GeodeticCRS *>(
+                otherSO->sourceCRS().get());
+            if (geodCRS && otherGeodCRS && geodCRS->ellipsoid()->isSphere() &&
+                otherGeodCRS->ellipsoid()->isSphere()) {
+                equivalentMethods = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!equivalentMethods) {
+        if (criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT) {
+
+            const auto isTOWGS84Transf = [](int code) {
+                return code ==
+                           EPSG_CODE_METHOD_GEOCENTRIC_TRANSLATION_GEOCENTRIC ||
+                       code == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_POSITION_VECTOR_GEOCENTRIC ||
+                       code == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_COORDINATE_FRAME_GEOCENTRIC ||
+                       code ==
+                           EPSG_CODE_METHOD_GEOCENTRIC_TRANSLATION_GEOGRAPHIC_2D ||
+                       code == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_POSITION_VECTOR_GEOGRAPHIC_2D ||
+                       code ==
+                           EPSG_CODE_METHOD_COORDINATE_FRAME_GEOGRAPHIC_2D ||
+                       code ==
+                           EPSG_CODE_METHOD_GEOCENTRIC_TRANSLATION_GEOGRAPHIC_3D ||
+                       code == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_POSITION_VECTOR_GEOGRAPHIC_3D ||
+                       code == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_COORDINATE_FRAME_GEOGRAPHIC_3D;
+            };
+
+            // Translation vs (PV or CF)
+            // or different PV vs CF convention
+            if (isTOWGS84Transf(methodEPSGCode) &&
+                isTOWGS84Transf(otherMethodEPSGCode)) {
+                auto transf = static_cast<const Transformation *>(this);
+                auto otherTransf = static_cast<const Transformation *>(otherSO);
+                auto params = transf->getTOWGS84Parameters();
+                auto otherParams = otherTransf->getTOWGS84Parameters();
+                assert(params.size() == 7);
+                assert(otherParams.size() == 7);
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+                    if (std::fabs(params[i] - otherParams[i]) >
+                        1e-10 * std::fabs(params[i])) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // _1SP methods can sometimes be equivalent to _2SP ones
+            // Check it by using convertToOtherMethod()
+            if (methodEPSGCode ==
+                    EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP &&
+                otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                    EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP) {
+                // Convert from 2SP to 1SP as the other direction has more
+                // degree of liberties.
+                return otherSO->_isEquivalentTo(this, criterion, dbContext);
+            } else if ((methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_A &&
+                        otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                            EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_B) ||
+                       (methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_B &&
+                        otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                            EPSG_CODE_METHOD_MERCATOR_VARIANT_A) ||
+                       (methodEPSGCode ==
+                            EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP &&
+                        otherMethodEPSGCode ==
+                            EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP)) {
+                auto conv = dynamic_cast<const Conversion *>(this);
+                if (conv) {
+                    auto eqConv =
+                        conv->convertToOtherMethod(otherMethodEPSGCode);
+                    if (eqConv) {
+                        return eqConv->_isEquivalentTo(other, criterion,
+                                                       dbContext);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const auto &values = d->parameterValues_;
+    const auto &otherValues = otherSO->d->parameterValues_;
+    const auto valuesSize = values.size();
+    const auto otherValuesSize = otherValues.size();
+    if (criterion == util::IComparable::Criterion::STRICT) {
+        if (valuesSize != otherValuesSize) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < valuesSize; i++) {
+            if (!values[i]->_isEquivalentTo(otherValues[i].get(), criterion,
+                                            dbContext)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<bool> candidateIndices(otherValuesSize, true);
+    bool equivalent = true;
+    bool foundMissingArgs = valuesSize != otherValuesSize;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; equivalent && i < valuesSize; i++) {
+        auto opParamvalue =
+            dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(values[i].get());
+        if (!opParamvalue)
+            return false;
+
+        equivalent = false;
+        bool sameNameDifferentValue = false;
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < otherValuesSize; j++) {
+            if (candidateIndices[j] &&
+                values[i]->_isEquivalentTo(otherValues[j].get(), criterion,
+                                           dbContext)) {
+                candidateIndices[j] = false;
+                equivalent = true;
+                break;
+            } else if (candidateIndices[j]) {
+                auto otherOpParamvalue =
+                    dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+                        otherValues[j].get());
+                if (!otherOpParamvalue)
+                    return false;
+                sameNameDifferentValue =
+                    opParamvalue->parameter()->_isEquivalentTo(
+                        otherOpParamvalue->parameter().get(), criterion,
+                        dbContext);
+                if (sameNameDifferentValue) {
+                    candidateIndices[j] = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!equivalent &&
+            methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP) {
+            // For LCC_2SP, the standard parallels can be switched and
+            // this will result in the same result.
+            const int paramEPSGCode = opParamvalue->parameter()->getEPSGCode();
+            if (paramEPSGCode ==
+                    EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL ||
+                paramEPSGCode ==
+                    EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_2ND_STD_PARALLEL) {
+                auto value_1st = parameterValue(
+                    EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL);
+                auto value_2nd = parameterValue(
+                    EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_2ND_STD_PARALLEL);
+                if (value_1st && value_2nd) {
+                    equivalent =
+                        value_1st->_isEquivalentTo(
+                            otherSO
+                                ->parameterValue(
+                                    EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_2ND_STD_PARALLEL)
+                                .get(),
+                            criterion, dbContext) &&
+                        value_2nd->_isEquivalentTo(
+                            otherSO
+                                ->parameterValue(
+                                    EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_1ST_STD_PARALLEL)
+                                .get(),
+                            criterion, dbContext);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (equivalent) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (sameNameDifferentValue) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // If there are parameters in this method not found in the other one,
+        // check that they are set to a default neutral value, that is 1
+        // for scale, and 0 otherwise.
+        foundMissingArgs = true;
+        const auto &value = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
+        if (value->type() != ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (value->value().unit().type() ==
+            common::UnitOfMeasure::Type::SCALE) {
+            equivalent = value->value().getSIValue() == 1.0;
+        } else {
+            equivalent = value->value().getSIValue() == 0.0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // In the case the arguments don't perfectly match, try the reverse
+    // check.
+    if (equivalent && foundMissingArgs && !inOtherDirection) {
+        return otherSO->_isEquivalentTo(this, criterion, dbContext, true);
+    }
+
+    // Equivalent formulations of 2SP can have different parameters
+    // Then convert to 1SP and compare.
+    if (!equivalent &&
+        methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_2SP) {
+        auto conv = dynamic_cast<const Conversion *>(this);
+        auto otherConv = dynamic_cast<const Conversion *>(other);
+        if (conv && otherConv) {
+            auto thisAs1SP = conv->convertToOtherMethod(
+                EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
+            auto otherAs1SP = otherConv->convertToOtherMethod(
+                EPSG_CODE_METHOD_LAMBERT_CONIC_CONFORMAL_1SP);
+            if (thisAs1SP && otherAs1SP) {
+                equivalent = thisAs1SP->_isEquivalentTo(otherAs1SP.get(),
+                                                        criterion, dbContext);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return equivalent;
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+std::set<GridDescription>
+SingleOperation::gridsNeeded(const io::DatabaseContextPtr &databaseContext,
+                             bool considerKnownGridsAsAvailable) const {
+    std::set<GridDescription> res;
+    for (const auto &genOpParamvalue : parameterValues()) {
+        auto opParamvalue = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+            genOpParamvalue.get());
+        if (opParamvalue) {
+            const auto &value = opParamvalue->parameterValue();
+            if (value->type() == ParameterValue::Type::FILENAME) {
+                const auto gridNames = split(value->valueFile(), ",");
+                for (const auto &gridName : gridNames) {
+                    GridDescription desc;
+                    desc.shortName = gridName;
+                    if (databaseContext) {
+                        databaseContext->lookForGridInfo(
+                            desc.shortName, considerKnownGridsAsAvailable,
+                            desc.fullName, desc.packageName, desc.url,
+                            desc.directDownload, desc.openLicense,
+                            desc.available);
+                    }
+                    res.insert(desc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Validate the parameters used by a coordinate operation.
+ *
+ * Return whether the method is known or not, or a list of missing or extra
+ * parameters for the operations recognized by this implementation.
+ */
+std::list<std::string> SingleOperation::validateParameters() const {
+    std::list<std::string> res;
+
+    const auto &l_method = method();
+    const auto &methodName = l_method->nameStr();
+    const MethodMapping *methodMapping = nullptr;
+    const auto methodEPSGCode = l_method->getEPSGCode();
+    size_t nProjectionMethodMappings = 0;
+    const auto projectionMethodMappings =
+        getProjectionMethodMappings(nProjectionMethodMappings);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nProjectionMethodMappings; ++i) {
+        const auto &mapping = projectionMethodMappings[i];
+        if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(mapping.wkt2_name,
+                                                   methodName.c_str()) ||
+            (methodEPSGCode != 0 && methodEPSGCode == mapping.epsg_code)) {
+            methodMapping = &mapping;
+        }
+    }
+    if (methodMapping == nullptr) {
+        size_t nOtherMethodMappings = 0;
+        const auto otherMethodMappings =
+            getOtherMethodMappings(nOtherMethodMappings);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < nOtherMethodMappings; ++i) {
+            const auto &mapping = otherMethodMappings[i];
+            if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(mapping.wkt2_name,
+                                                       methodName.c_str()) ||
+                (methodEPSGCode != 0 && methodEPSGCode == mapping.epsg_code)) {
+                methodMapping = &mapping;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (!methodMapping) {
+        res.emplace_back("Unknown method " + methodName);
+        return res;
+    }
+    if (methodMapping->wkt2_name != methodName) {
+        if (metadata::Identifier::isEquivalentName(methodMapping->wkt2_name,
+                                                   methodName.c_str())) {
+            std::string msg("Method name ");
+            msg += methodName;
+            msg += " is equivalent to official ";
+            msg += methodMapping->wkt2_name;
+            msg += " but not strictly equal";
+            res.emplace_back(msg);
+        } else {
+            std::string msg("Method name ");
+            msg += methodName;
+            msg += ", matched to ";
+            msg += methodMapping->wkt2_name;
+            msg += ", through its EPSG code has not an equivalent name";
+            res.emplace_back(msg);
+        }
+    }
+    if (methodEPSGCode != 0 && methodEPSGCode != methodMapping->epsg_code) {
+        std::string msg("Method of EPSG code ");
+        msg += toString(methodEPSGCode);
+        msg += " does not match official code (";
+        msg += toString(methodMapping->epsg_code);
+        msg += ')';
+        res.emplace_back(msg);
+    }
+
+    // Check if expected parameters are found
+    for (int i = 0;
+         methodMapping->params && methodMapping->params[i] != nullptr; ++i) {
+        const auto *paramMapping = methodMapping->params[i];
+
+        const OperationParameterValue *opv = nullptr;
+        for (const auto &genOpParamvalue : parameterValues()) {
+            auto opParamvalue = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+                genOpParamvalue.get());
+            if (opParamvalue) {
+                const auto &parameter = opParamvalue->parameter();
+                if ((paramMapping->epsg_code != 0 &&
+                     parameter->getEPSGCode() == paramMapping->epsg_code) ||
+                    ci_equal(parameter->nameStr(), paramMapping->wkt2_name)) {
+                    opv = opParamvalue;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!opv) {
+            if ((methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_EQUIDISTANT_CYLINDRICAL ||
+                 methodEPSGCode ==
+                     EPSG_CODE_METHOD_EQUIDISTANT_CYLINDRICAL_SPHERICAL) &&
+                paramMapping == &paramLatitudeNatOrigin) {
+                // extension of EPSG used by GDAL/PROJ, so we should not
+                // warn on its absence.
+                continue;
+            }
+            std::string msg("Cannot find expected parameter ");
+            msg += paramMapping->wkt2_name;
+            res.emplace_back(msg);
+            continue;
+        }
+        const auto &parameter = opv->parameter();
+        if (paramMapping->wkt2_name != parameter->nameStr()) {
+            if (ci_equal(parameter->nameStr(), paramMapping->wkt2_name)) {
+                std::string msg("Parameter name ");
+                msg += parameter->nameStr();
+                msg += " is equivalent to official ";
+                msg += paramMapping->wkt2_name;
+                msg += " but not strictly equal";
+                res.emplace_back(msg);
+            } else {
+                std::string msg("Parameter name ");
+                msg += parameter->nameStr();
+                msg += ", matched to ";
+                msg += paramMapping->wkt2_name;
+                msg += ", through its EPSG code has not an equivalent name";
+                res.emplace_back(msg);
+            }
+        }
+        const auto paramEPSGCode = parameter->getEPSGCode();
+        if (paramEPSGCode != 0 && paramEPSGCode != paramMapping->epsg_code) {
+            std::string msg("Parameter of EPSG code ");
+            msg += toString(paramEPSGCode);
+            msg += " does not match official code (";
+            msg += toString(paramMapping->epsg_code);
+            msg += ')';
+            res.emplace_back(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check if there are extra parameters
+    for (const auto &genOpParamvalue : parameterValues()) {
+        auto opParamvalue = dynamic_cast<const OperationParameterValue *>(
+            genOpParamvalue.get());
+        if (opParamvalue) {
+            const auto &parameter = opParamvalue->parameter();
+            if (!getMapping(methodMapping, parameter)) {
+                std::string msg("Parameter ");
+                msg += parameter->nameStr();
+                msg += " found but not expected for this method";
+                res.emplace_back(msg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+struct ParameterValue::Private {
+    ParameterValue::Type type_{ParameterValue::Type::STRING};
+    std::unique_ptr<common::Measure> measure_{};
+    std::unique_ptr<std::string> stringValue_{};
+    int integerValue_{};
+    bool booleanValue_{};
+
+    explicit Private(const common::Measure &valueIn)
+        : type_(ParameterValue::Type::MEASURE),
+          measure_(internal::make_unique<common::Measure>(valueIn)) {}
+
+    Private(const std::string &stringValueIn, ParameterValue::Type typeIn)
+        : type_(typeIn),
+          stringValue_(internal::make_unique<std::string>(stringValueIn)) {}
+
+    explicit Private(int integerValueIn)
+        : type_(ParameterValue::Type::INTEGER), integerValue_(integerValueIn) {}
+
+    explicit Private(bool booleanValueIn)
+        : type_(ParameterValue::Type::BOOLEAN), booleanValue_(booleanValueIn) {}
+};
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+ParameterValue::~ParameterValue() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ParameterValue::ParameterValue(const common::Measure &measureIn)
+    : d(internal::make_unique<Private>(measureIn)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ParameterValue::ParameterValue(const std::string &stringValueIn,
+                               ParameterValue::Type typeIn)
+    : d(internal::make_unique<Private>(stringValueIn, typeIn)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ParameterValue::ParameterValue(int integerValueIn)
+    : d(internal::make_unique<Private>(integerValueIn)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ParameterValue::ParameterValue(bool booleanValueIn)
+    : d(internal::make_unique<Private>(booleanValueIn)) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a ParameterValue from a Measure (i.e. a value associated
+ * with a
+ * unit)
+ *
+ * @return a new ParameterValue.
+ */
+ParameterValueNNPtr ParameterValue::create(const common::Measure &measureIn) {
+    return ParameterValue::nn_make_shared<ParameterValue>(measureIn);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a ParameterValue from a string value.
+ *
+ * @return a new ParameterValue.
+ */
+ParameterValueNNPtr ParameterValue::create(const char *stringValueIn) {
+    return ParameterValue::nn_make_shared<ParameterValue>(
+        std::string(stringValueIn), ParameterValue::Type::STRING);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a ParameterValue from a string value.
+ *
+ * @return a new ParameterValue.
+ */
+ParameterValueNNPtr ParameterValue::create(const std::string &stringValueIn) {
+    return ParameterValue::nn_make_shared<ParameterValue>(
+        stringValueIn, ParameterValue::Type::STRING);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a ParameterValue from a filename.
+ *
+ * @return a new ParameterValue.
+ */
+ParameterValueNNPtr
+ParameterValue::createFilename(const std::string &stringValueIn) {
+    return ParameterValue::nn_make_shared<ParameterValue>(
+        stringValueIn, ParameterValue::Type::FILENAME);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a ParameterValue from a integer value.
+ *
+ * @return a new ParameterValue.
+ */
+ParameterValueNNPtr ParameterValue::create(int integerValueIn) {
+    return ParameterValue::nn_make_shared<ParameterValue>(integerValueIn);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Instantiate a ParameterValue from a boolean value.
+ *
+ * @return a new ParameterValue.
+ */
+ParameterValueNNPtr ParameterValue::create(bool booleanValueIn) {
+    return ParameterValue::nn_make_shared<ParameterValue>(booleanValueIn);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Returns the type of a parameter value.
+ *
+ * @return the type.
+ */
+const ParameterValue::Type &ParameterValue::type() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return d->type_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Returns the value as a Measure (assumes type() == Type::MEASURE)
+ * @return the value as a Measure.
+ */
+const common::Measure &ParameterValue::value() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return *d->measure_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Returns the value as a string (assumes type() == Type::STRING)
+ * @return the value as a string.
+ */
+const std::string &ParameterValue::stringValue() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return *d->stringValue_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Returns the value as a filename (assumes type() == Type::FILENAME)
+ * @return the value as a filename.
+ */
+const std::string &ParameterValue::valueFile() PROJ_PURE_DEFN {
+    return *d->stringValue_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Returns the value as a integer (assumes type() == Type::INTEGER)
+ * @return the value as a integer.
+ */
+int ParameterValue::integerValue() PROJ_PURE_DEFN { return d->integerValue_; }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** \brief Returns the value as a boolean (assumes type() == Type::BOOLEAN)
+ * @return the value as a boolean.
+ */
+bool ParameterValue::booleanValue() PROJ_PURE_DEFN { return d->booleanValue_; }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+void ParameterValue::_exportToWKT(io::WKTFormatter *formatter) const {
+    const bool isWKT2 = formatter->version() == io::WKTFormatter::Version::WKT2;
+
+    const auto &l_type = type();
+    if (l_type == Type::MEASURE) {
+        const auto &l_value = value();
+        if (formatter->abridgedTransformation()) {
+            const auto &unit = l_value.unit();
+            const auto &unitType = unit.type();
+            if (unitType == common::UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR) {
+                formatter->add(l_value.getSIValue());
+            } else if (unitType == common::UnitOfMeasure::Type::ANGULAR) {
+                formatter->add(
+                    l_value.convertToUnit(common::UnitOfMeasure::ARC_SECOND));
+            } else if (unit == common::UnitOfMeasure::PARTS_PER_MILLION) {
+                formatter->add(1.0 + l_value.value() * 1e-6);
+            } else {
+                formatter->add(l_value.value());
+            }
+        } else {
+            const auto &unit = l_value.unit();
+            if (isWKT2) {
+                formatter->add(l_value.value());
+            } else {
+                // In WKT1, as we don't output the natural unit, output to the
+                // registered linear / angular unit.
+                const auto &unitType = unit.type();
+                if (unitType == common::UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR) {
+                    const auto &targetUnit = *(formatter->axisLinearUnit());
+                    if (targetUnit.conversionToSI() == 0.0) {
+                        throw io::FormattingException(
+                            "cannot convert value to target linear unit");
+                    }
+                    formatter->add(l_value.convertToUnit(targetUnit));
+                } else if (unitType == common::UnitOfMeasure::Type::ANGULAR) {
+                    const auto &targetUnit = *(formatter->axisAngularUnit());
+                    if (targetUnit.conversionToSI() == 0.0) {
+                        throw io::FormattingException(
+                            "cannot convert value to target angular unit");
+                    }
+                    formatter->add(l_value.convertToUnit(targetUnit));
+                } else {
+                    formatter->add(l_value.getSIValue());
+                }
+            }
+            if (isWKT2 && unit != common::UnitOfMeasure::NONE) {
+                if (!formatter
+                         ->primeMeridianOrParameterUnitOmittedIfSameAsAxis() ||
+                    (unit != common::UnitOfMeasure::SCALE_UNITY &&
+                     unit != *(formatter->axisLinearUnit()) &&
+                     unit != *(formatter->axisAngularUnit()))) {
+                    unit._exportToWKT(formatter);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (l_type == Type::STRING || l_type == Type::FILENAME) {
+        formatter->addQuotedString(stringValue());
+    } else if (l_type == Type::INTEGER) {
+        formatter->add(integerValue());
+    } else {
+        throw io::FormattingException("boolean parameter value not handled");
+    }
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+bool ParameterValue::_isEquivalentTo(const util::IComparable *other,
+                                     util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+                                     const io::DatabaseContextPtr &) const {
+    auto otherPV = dynamic_cast<const ParameterValue *>(other);
+    if (otherPV == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (type() != otherPV->type()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    switch (type()) {
+    case Type::MEASURE: {
+        return value()._isEquivalentTo(otherPV->value(), criterion, 2e-10);
+    }
+
+    case Type::STRING:
+    case Type::FILENAME: {
+        return stringValue() == otherPV->stringValue();
+    }
+
+    case Type::INTEGER: {
+        return integerValue() == otherPV->integerValue();
+    }
+
+    case Type::BOOLEAN: {
+        return booleanValue() == otherPV->booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    default: {
+        assert(false);
+        break;
+    }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+//! @endcond
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+InvalidOperation::InvalidOperation(const char *message) : Exception(message) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+InvalidOperation::InvalidOperation(const std::string &message)
+    : Exception(message) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+InvalidOperation::InvalidOperation(const InvalidOperation &) = default;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+InvalidOperation::~InvalidOperation() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void SingleOperation::exportTransformationToWKT(
+    io::WKTFormatter *formatter) const {
+    const bool isWKT2 = formatter->version() == io::WKTFormatter::Version::WKT2;
+    if (!isWKT2) {
+        throw io::FormattingException(
+            "Transformation can only be exported to WKT2");
+    }
+
+    if (formatter->abridgedTransformation()) {
+        formatter->startNode(io::WKTConstants::ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION,
+                             !identifiers().empty());
+    } else {
+        formatter->startNode(io::WKTConstants::COORDINATEOPERATION,
+                             !identifiers().empty());
+    }
+
+    formatter->addQuotedString(nameStr());
+
+    if (formatter->use2019Keywords()) {
+        const auto &version = operationVersion();
+        if (version.has_value()) {
+            formatter->startNode(io::WKTConstants::VERSION, false);
+            formatter->addQuotedString(*version);
+            formatter->endNode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!formatter->abridgedTransformation()) {
+        exportSourceCRSAndTargetCRSToWKT(this, formatter);
+    }
+
+    method()->_exportToWKT(formatter);
+
+    for (const auto &paramValue : parameterValues()) {
+        paramValue->_exportToWKT(formatter, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    if (!formatter->abridgedTransformation()) {
+        if (interpolationCRS()) {
+            formatter->startNode(io::WKTConstants::INTERPOLATIONCRS, false);
+            interpolationCRS()->_exportToWKT(formatter);
+            formatter->endNode();
+        }
+
+        if (!coordinateOperationAccuracies().empty()) {
+            formatter->startNode(io::WKTConstants::OPERATIONACCURACY, false);
+            formatter->add(coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value());
+            formatter->endNode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    ObjectUsage::baseExportToWKT(formatter);
+    formatter->endNode();
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool SingleOperation::exportToPROJStringGeneric(
+    io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter) const {
+    const int methodEPSGCode = method()->getEPSGCode();
+
+    if (methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_AFFINE_PARAMETRIC_TRANSFORMATION) {
+        const double A0 = parameterValueMeasure(EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_A0).value();
+        const double A1 = parameterValueMeasure(EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_A1).value();
+        const double A2 = parameterValueMeasure(EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_A2).value();
+        const double B0 = parameterValueMeasure(EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_B0).value();
+        const double B1 = parameterValueMeasure(EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_B1).value();
+        const double B2 = parameterValueMeasure(EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_B2).value();
+
+        // Do not mess with axis unit and order for that transformation
+
+        formatter->addStep("affine");
+        formatter->addParam("xoff", A0);
+        formatter->addParam("s11", A1);
+        formatter->addParam("s12", A2);
+        formatter->addParam("yoff", B0);
+        formatter->addParam("s21", B1);
+        formatter->addParam("s22", B2);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (isAxisOrderReversal(methodEPSGCode)) {
+        formatter->addStep("axisswap");
+        formatter->addParam("order", "2,1");
+        auto sourceCRSGeog =
+            dynamic_cast<const crs::GeographicCRS *>(sourceCRS().get());
+        auto targetCRSGeog =
+            dynamic_cast<const crs::GeographicCRS *>(targetCRS().get());
+        if (sourceCRSGeog && targetCRSGeog) {
+            const auto &unitSrc =
+                sourceCRSGeog->coordinateSystem()->axisList()[0]->unit();
+            const auto &unitDst =
+                targetCRSGeog->coordinateSystem()->axisList()[0]->unit();
+            if (!unitSrc._isEquivalentTo(
+                    unitDst, util::IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT)) {
+                formatter->addStep("unitconvert");
+                auto projUnit = unitSrc.exportToPROJString();
+                if (projUnit.empty()) {
+                    formatter->addParam("xy_in", unitSrc.conversionToSI());
+                } else {
+                    formatter->addParam("xy_in", projUnit);
+                }
+                projUnit = unitDst.exportToPROJString();
+                if (projUnit.empty()) {
+                    formatter->addParam("xy_out", unitDst.conversionToSI());
+                } else {
+                    formatter->addParam("xy_out", projUnit);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_GEOGRAPHIC_GEOCENTRIC) {
+
+        auto sourceCRSGeod =
+            dynamic_cast<const crs::GeodeticCRS *>(sourceCRS().get());
+        auto targetCRSGeod =
+            dynamic_cast<const crs::GeodeticCRS *>(targetCRS().get());
+        if (sourceCRSGeod && targetCRSGeod) {
+            auto sourceCRSGeog =
+                dynamic_cast<const crs::GeographicCRS *>(sourceCRSGeod);
+            auto targetCRSGeog =
+                dynamic_cast<const crs::GeographicCRS *>(targetCRSGeod);
+            bool isSrcGeocentric = sourceCRSGeod->isGeocentric();
+            bool isSrcGeographic = sourceCRSGeog != nullptr;
+            bool isTargetGeocentric = targetCRSGeod->isGeocentric();
+            bool isTargetGeographic = targetCRSGeog != nullptr;
+            if ((isSrcGeocentric && isTargetGeographic) ||
+                (isSrcGeographic && isTargetGeocentric)) {
+
+                formatter->startInversion();
+                sourceCRSGeod->_exportToPROJString(formatter);
+                formatter->stopInversion();
+
+                targetCRSGeod->_exportToPROJString(formatter);
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw io::FormattingException("Invalid nature of source and/or "
+                                      "targetCRS for Geographic/Geocentric "
+                                      "conversion");
+    }
+
+    if (methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_CHANGE_VERTICAL_UNIT) {
+        double convFactor = parameterValueNumericAsSI(
+            EPSG_CODE_PARAMETER_UNIT_CONVERSION_SCALAR);
+        auto uom = common::UnitOfMeasure(std::string(), convFactor,
+                                         common::UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR)
+                       .exportToPROJString();
+        auto reverse_uom =
+            common::UnitOfMeasure(std::string(), 1.0 / convFactor,
+                                  common::UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR)
+                .exportToPROJString();
+        if (uom == "m") {
+            // do nothing
+        } else if (!uom.empty()) {
+            formatter->addStep("unitconvert");
+            formatter->addParam("z_in", uom);
+            formatter->addParam("z_out", "m");
+        } else if (!reverse_uom.empty()) {
+            formatter->addStep("unitconvert");
+            formatter->addParam("z_in", "m");
+            formatter->addParam("z_out", reverse_uom);
+        } else {
+            formatter->addStep("affine");
+            formatter->addParam("s33", convFactor);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (methodEPSGCode == EPSG_CODE_METHOD_HEIGHT_DEPTH_REVERSAL) {
+        formatter->addStep("axisswap");
+        formatter->addParam("order", "1,2,-3");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+
+InverseCoordinateOperation::~InverseCoordinateOperation() = default;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+InverseCoordinateOperation::InverseCoordinateOperation(
+    const CoordinateOperationNNPtr &forwardOperationIn,
+    bool wktSupportsInversion)
+    : forwardOperation_(forwardOperationIn),
+      wktSupportsInversion_(wktSupportsInversion) {}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void InverseCoordinateOperation::setPropertiesFromForward() {
+    setProperties(
+        createPropertiesForInverse(forwardOperation_.get(), false, false));
+    setAccuracies(forwardOperation_->coordinateOperationAccuracies());
+    if (forwardOperation_->sourceCRS() && forwardOperation_->targetCRS()) {
+        setCRSs(forwardOperation_.get(), true);
+    }
+    setHasBallparkTransformation(
+        forwardOperation_->hasBallparkTransformation());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CoordinateOperationNNPtr InverseCoordinateOperation::inverse() const {
+    return forwardOperation_;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void InverseCoordinateOperation::_exportToPROJString(
+    io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter) const {
+    formatter->startInversion();
+    forwardOperation_->_exportToPROJString(formatter);
+    formatter->stopInversion();
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool InverseCoordinateOperation::_isEquivalentTo(
+    const util::IComparable *other, util::IComparable::Criterion criterion,
+    const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext) const {
+    auto otherICO = dynamic_cast<const InverseCoordinateOperation *>(other);
+    if (otherICO == nullptr ||
+        !ObjectUsage::_isEquivalentTo(other, criterion, dbContext)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return inverse()->_isEquivalentTo(otherICO->inverse().get(), criterion,
+                                      dbContext);
+}
+
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
+PointMotionOperation::~PointMotionOperation() = default;
+//! @endcond
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+} // namespace operation
+
+NS_PROJ_END