Split test_operation.cpp in two parts

1 files changed, 5915 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/test/unit/test_operationfactory.cpp b/test/unit/test_operationfactory.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3f6f5cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/test_operationfactory.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,5915 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Project:  PROJ
+ * Purpose:  Test ISO19111:2019 implementation
+ * Author:   Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
+ *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2018, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+ * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+ * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+ * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+ * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+ * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ ****************************************************************************/
+
+#include "gtest_include.h"
+
+#include "test_primitives.hpp"
+
+// to be able to use internal::replaceAll
+#ifndef FROM_PROJ_CPP
+#define FROM_PROJ_CPP
+#endif
+
+#include "proj/common.hpp"
+#include "proj/coordinateoperation.hpp"
+#include "proj/coordinatesystem.hpp"
+#include "proj/crs.hpp"
+#include "proj/datum.hpp"
+#include "proj/io.hpp"
+#include "proj/metadata.hpp"
+#include "proj/util.hpp"
+
+#include "proj/internal/internal.hpp"
+
+#include "proj_constants.h"
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace osgeo::proj::common;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::crs;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::cs;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::datum;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::io;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::internal;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::metadata;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::operation;
+using namespace osgeo::proj::util;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv +proj=longlat "
+        "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_default) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
+
+    // Directly found in database
+    {
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"), // Pulkovo 42
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
+        // Romania has a larger area than Poland (given our approx formula)
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->getEPSGCode(), 1644);  // Poland - 1m
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
+                  "Ballpark geographic offset from Pulkovo 1942(58) to ETRS89");
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=krass +step +proj=helmert +x=2.3287 "
+            "+y=-147.0425 +z=-92.0802 +rx=0.3092483 +ry=-0.32482185 "
+            "+rz=-0.49729934 +s=5.68906266 +convention=coordinate_frame +step "
+            "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+            "+order=2,1");
+    }
+
+    // Reverse case
+    {
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"),
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
+        // Romania has a larger area than Poland (given our approx formula)
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+                  "Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to ETRS89 (4)"); // Romania - 3m
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=2.3287 "
+            "+y=-147.0425 +z=-92.0802 +rx=0.3092483 +ry=-0.32482185 "
+            "+rz=-0.49729934 +s=5.68906266 +convention=coordinate_frame +step "
+            "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=krass +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+            "+order=2,1");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_match_by_name) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::NEVER);
+    auto NAD27 = GeographicCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
+                          GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->nameStr()),
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->datum(),
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->datumEnsemble(),
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267->coordinateSystem());
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NAD27, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
+    auto listInv = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NAD27, ctxt);
+    auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(listInv.size(), listRef.size());
+    EXPECT_GE(listRef.size(), 2U);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_filter_accuracy) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 1.0);
+        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 1644); // Poland - 1m
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.9);
+        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 0U);
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_filter_bbox) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    // INSERT INTO "area" VALUES('EPSG','1197','Romania','Romania - onshore and
+    // offshore.',43.44,48.27,20.26,31.41,0);
+    {
+        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
+            authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26, 43.44, 31.41, 48.27),
+            0.0);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
+            authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26 + .1, 43.44 + .1,
+                                                31.41 - .1, 48.27 - .1),
+            0.0);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 15994); // Romania - 3m
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
+            authFactory, Extent::createFromBBOX(20.26 - .1, 43.44 - .1,
+                                                31.41 + .1, 48.27 + .1),
+            0.0);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4179"),
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=noop");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_incompatible_area) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS 89
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=noop");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_inverse_needed) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+        ctxt->setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(false);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=-168 "
+            "+y=-60 +z=320 +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop "
+            "+v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
+            "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                          authFactory->databaseContext())
+                          .get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+                  "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
+                  "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
+                  "+proj=unitconvert "
+                  "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
+            "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert "
+            "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+            "+proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
+            "+proj=unitconvert "
+            "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_ntv1_ntv2_ctable2) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"), // NAD83
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 10U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=ca_nrc_ntv1_can.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=ca_nrc_ntv2_0.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=us_noaa_conus.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_NAD27_to_WGS84) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"), // NAD27
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), // WGS84
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 79U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (33)"); // 1.0 m, Canada - NAD27
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (3)"); // 20.0 m, Canada - NAD27
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79)"); // 5.0 m, USA - CONUS including EEZ
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[3]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (4)"); // 10.0 m, USA - CONUS - onshore
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_NAD27_to_WGS84_G1762) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+
+    auto authFactoryEPSG =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // NAD27
+        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4267"),
+        // WGS84 (G1762)
+        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9057"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 78U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (33) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ca_nrc_ntv2_0.tif "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (3) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[3]->nameStr(),
+              "NAD27 to WGS 84 (4) + WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762)");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_WGS84_G1674_to_WGS84_G1762) {
+    // Check that particular behavior with WGS 84 (Gxxx) related to
+    // 'geodetic_datum_preferred_hub' table and custom no-op transformations
+    // between WGS 84 and WGS 84 (Gxxx) doesn't affect direct transformations
+    // to those realizations.
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+
+    auto authFactoryEPSG =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // WGS84 (G1674)
+        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9056"),
+        // WGS84 (G1762)
+        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("9057"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=-0.004 +y=0.003 +z=0.004 +rx=0.00027 "
+              "+ry=-0.00027 +rz=0.00038 +s=-0.0069 "
+              "+convention=coordinate_frame "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_EPSG_4240_Indian1975_to_EPSG_4326) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4240"), // Indian 1975
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
+
+    // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (4), 3.0 m, Thailand - onshore
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->getEPSGCode(), 1812);
+
+    // The following is the one we want to see. It has a lesser accuracy than
+    // the above one and the same bbox, but the name of its area of use is
+    // slightly different
+    // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (2), 5.0 m, Thailand - onshore and Gulf of Thailand
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->getEPSGCode(), 1304);
+
+    // Indian 1975 to WGS 84 (3), 1.0 m, Thailand - Bongkot field
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[2]->getEPSGCode(), 1537);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geog3D_crs) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4939"), // GDA94 3D
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7843"), // GDA2020 3D
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+
+    // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
+              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
+              "+convention=coordinate_frame "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geocentric_3D) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // GDA94 geocentric
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4348"),
+        // GDA2020 geocentric
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7842"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+
+    // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
+              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
+              "+convention=coordinate_frame");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
+              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
+              "+convention=coordinate_frame");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_helmert_geog3D_to_geocentirc) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // GDA94 3D
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4939"),
+        // GDA2020 geocentric
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7842"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+
+    // Check there is no push / pop of v_3
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=0.06155 +y=-0.01087 +z=-0.04019 "
+              "+rx=-0.0394924 +ry=-0.0327221 +rz=-0.0328979 +s=-0.009994 "
+              "+convention=coordinate_frame");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_invalid_EPSG_ID) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+    // EPSG:4656 is incorrect. Should be EPSG:8997
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+        "GEOGCS[\"ITRF2000\","
+        "DATUM[\"International_Terrestrial_Reference_Frame_2000\","
+        "SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
+        "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6656\"]],"
+        "PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433],"
+        "AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4656\"]]");
+    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(crs), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_datum_ensemble) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0);
+
+    auto dst_wkt =
+        "GEOGCRS[\"unknown\","
+        "  ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","
+        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\","
+        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1166]],"
+        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\","
+        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1152]],"
+        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\","
+        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1153]],"
+        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\","
+        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1154]],"
+        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\","
+        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1155]],"
+        "     MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\","
+        "       ID[\"EPSG\",1156]],"
+        "     ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"
+        "      LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,ID[\"EPSG\",9001]],"
+        "      ID[\"EPSG\",7030]],"
+        "     ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2]],"
+        "  PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
+        "    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9102]],"
+        "    ID[\"EPSG\",8901]],"
+        "  CS[ellipsoidal,2,"
+        "    ID[\"EPSG\",6422]],"
+        "  AXIS[\"Geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,"
+        "    ORDER[1]],"
+        "  AXIS[\"Geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,"
+        "    ORDER[2]],"
+        "  ANGLEUNIT[\"degree (supplier to define representation)\","
+        "0.0174532925199433,ID[\"EPSG\",9122]]]";
+    auto dstObj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(dst_wkt);
+    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(dstObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
+        NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_geogCRS_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setUsePROJAlternativeGridNames(false);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+                "3855"), // EGM2008 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[1]->exportToPROJString(
+                PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                    PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                    authFactory->databaseContext())
+                    .get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+                "3855"), // EGM2008 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+                "3855"), // EGM2008 height
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif "
+            "+multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            // NGVD29 depth (ftUS)
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6359"),
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=affine +s33=-0.304800609601219");
+    }
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            // NZVD2016 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7839"),
+            // NZGD2000
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4959"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_nzgeoid2016.tif "
+            "+multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+    {
+        // Test actually the database where we derive records using the more
+        // classic 'Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight' method from
+        // records using EPSG:9635
+        //'Geog3D to Geog2D+GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)' method
+        auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(
+            AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string()),
+            nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            // Baltic 1957 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8357"),
+            // ETRS89
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +proj=vgridshift "
+            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif "
+            "+multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geog3DCRS_to_geog2DCRS_plus_vertCRS_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            // ETRS89 (3D)
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"),
+            // ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8360"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
+            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif +multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(),
+                  "Inverse of 'ETRS89 to ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height (1)'");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_noop) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Null geographic offset from WGS 84 to WGS 84");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=noop");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->nameStr(), op->nameStr());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_longitude_rotation) {
+
+    auto src = GeographicCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "A"),
+        GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
+                                       optional<std::string>(),
+                                       PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
+        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
+    auto dest = GeographicCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap().set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "B"),
+        GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
+                                       optional<std::string>(),
+                                       PrimeMeridian::PARIS),
+        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(src, dest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=longlat "
+              "+ellps=WGS84 +pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
+              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
+                  ->createOperation(dest, src)
+                  ->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(
+        op->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
+                                          ->createOperation(dest, src)
+                                          .get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_longitude_rotation_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"), // NTF(Paris)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4275"), // NTF
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to NTF (1)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to NTF (2)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=2.33720833333333 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_concatenated_operation) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"), // NTF(Paris)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4171"), // RGF93
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 4U);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to RGF93 (1)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+step +proj=xyzgridshift +grids=fr_ign_gr3df97a.tif "
+              "+grid_ref=output_crs +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(), "NTF (Paris) to RGF93 (2)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<ConcatenatedOperation>(list[0]) !=
+                nullptr);
+    auto grids = list[0]->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_ED50_to_WGS72_no_NTF_intermediate) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4230"), // ED50
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4322"), // WGS 72
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);
+    // We should not use the ancient NTF as an intermediate when looking for
+    // ED50 -> WGS 72 operations.
+    for (const auto &op : list) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(op->nameStr().find("NTF") == std::string::npos)
+            << op->nameStr();
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_context_same_grid_name) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4314"), // DHDN
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"), // ETRS89
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!list.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "DHDN to ETRS89 (8)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=de_adv_BETA2007.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_geographic_offset_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4120"), // NTF(Paris)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4121"), // NTF
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Greek to GGRS87 (1)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
+              "+dlat=-5.86 +dlon=0.28 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_CH1903_to_CH1903plus_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4149"), // CH1903
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4150"), // CH1903+
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(list.size() == 1U);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "CH1903 to CH1903+ (1)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ch_swisstopo_CHENyx06a.tif "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_init_IGNF_to_init_IGNF_context) {
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+
+    auto sourceCRS_obj = PROJStringParser()
+                             .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
+                             .setUsePROJ4InitRules(true)
+                             .createFromPROJString("+init=IGNF:NTFG");
+    auto sourceCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(sourceCRS_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sourceCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto targetCRS_obj = PROJStringParser()
+                             .attachDatabaseContext(dbContext)
+                             .setUsePROJ4InitRules(true)
+                             .createFromPROJString("+init=IGNF:RGF93G");
+    auto targetCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(targetCRS_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(targetCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(sourceCRS), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(targetCRS), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "NOUVELLE TRIANGULATION DE LA FRANCE (NTF) vers RGF93 (ETRS89)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geogCRS_3D) {
+
+    auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
+    auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);
+
+    auto geogcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +vunits=ft +type=crs");
+    auto geogcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_ft_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_ft != nullptr);
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft");
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
+    }
+
+    auto geogcrs_m_with_pm_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +pm=paris +vunits=m +type=crs");
+    auto geogcrs_m_with_pm =
+        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_with_pm_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m_with_pm != nullptr);
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m_with_pm), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_ft));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m "
+                  "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m +step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 "
+                  "+pm=paris +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
+                  "+xy_out=deg +z_out=ft");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_3D_lat_long_non_metre_to_geogCRS_longlat) {
+
+    auto wkt = "GEOGCRS[\"my CRS\",\n"
+               "    DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
+               "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563],\n"
+               "        ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
+               "    CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
+               "        AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
+               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+               "        AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
+               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+               "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height\",up,\n"
+               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"my_vunit\",0.3]]]";
+    auto srcCRS_obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
+    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcCRS_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto dstCRS_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
+    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(dstCRS_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(srcCRS), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dstCRS));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=0.3 +z_out=m");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_without_id_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto src =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4289"); // Amersfoort
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    auto wkt2 = "GEOGCRS[\"unnamed\",\n"
+                "    DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
+                "        ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128,\n"
+                "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+                "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+                "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+                "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
+                "        AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
+                "            ORDER[1],\n"
+                "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+                "        AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
+                "            ORDER[2],\n"
+                "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"
+                "    USAGE[\n"
+                "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
+                "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
+                "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]]]\n";
+
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
+    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
+    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+        const auto &op = list[i];
+        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
+        EXPECT_TRUE(
+            op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT))
+            << op->nameStr() << " " << op2->nameStr();
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static GeodeticCRSNNPtr createGeocentricDatumWGS84() {
+    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
+    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
+        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4328)
+        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "WGS 84");
+    return GeodeticCRS::create(
+        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
+        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static GeodeticCRSNNPtr createGeocentricKM() {
+    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
+    propertiesCRS.set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Based on WGS 84");
+    return GeodeticCRS::create(
+        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6326,
+        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(
+            UnitOfMeasure("kilometre", 1000.0, UnitOfMeasure::Type::LINEAR)));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(),
+              "Ballpark geocentric translation from WGS 84 to NAD83 "
+              "(geocentric) + Conversion from NAD83 "
+              "(geocentric) to NAD83");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, createGeocentricDatumWGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Conversion from NAD83 to NAD83 (geocentric) + "
+                             "Ballpark geocentric translation from NAD83 "
+                             "(geocentric) to WGS 84");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
+              "+ellps=GRS80");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_same_noop) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), createGeocentricDatumWGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(),
+              "Null geocentric translation from WGS 84 to WGS 84");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=noop");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->nameStr(), op->nameStr());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_ballpark) {
+
+    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
+    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
+        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 4328)
+        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "unknown");
+    auto otherGeocentricCRS = GeodeticCRS::create(
+        propertiesCRS, GeodeticReferenceFrame::EPSG_6269,
+        CartesianCS::createGeocentric(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createGeocentricKM(), otherGeocentricCRS);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        op->nameStr(),
+        "Ballpark geocentric translation from Based on WGS 84 to unknown");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=km +z_in=km +xy_out=m +z_out=m");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
+        // WGS84 geocentric
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geog2D) to WGS 84 (geocentric)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=cart "
+              "+ellps=WGS84");
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(),
+              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geocentric) to WGS 84 (geog2D)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context_all_auth) {
+    // This is to check we don't use OGC:CRS84 as a pivot
+    auto authFactoryEPSG =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto authFactoryAll =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt =
+        CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactoryAll, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
+        // WGS84 geocentric
+        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geog2D) to WGS 84 (geocentric)");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // ITRF2000 (geocentric)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4919"),
+        // ITRF2005 (geocentric)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4896"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1)");
+    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
+        ComparePROJString,
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
+        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
+        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
+        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_geocentricCRS_same_datum_to_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // WGS84 geocentric
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978"),
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Conversion from WGS 84 (geocentric) to WGS 84 (geog2D)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     geog2D_to_geog3D_same_datum_but_with_potential_other_pivot_context) {
+    // Check that when going from geog2D to geog3D of same datum, we don't
+    // try to go through a WGS84 pivot...
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5365"), // CR 05 2D
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5364"), // CR 05 3D
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=noop");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     geogCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum_though_geocentric_transform_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // ITRF2000 (geog3D)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7909"),
+        // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Conversion from ITRF2000 (geog3D) to ITRF2000 (geocentric) + "
+              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
+              "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
+    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
+        ComparePROJString,
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
+        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
+        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
+        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv "
+        "+proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+        "+z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_geocentricCRS_different_datum_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // ITRF2000 (geog3D)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7909"),
+        // ITRF2005 (geocentric)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4896"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Conversion from ITRF2000 (geog3D) to ITRF2000 (geocentric) + "
+              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1)");
+    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
+        ComparePROJString,
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
+        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
+        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
+        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_geogCRS_different_datum_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // ITRF2000 (geocentric)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4919"),
+        // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
+              "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
+    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
+        ComparePROJString,
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
+        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
+        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
+        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv "
+        "+proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+        "+z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, esri_projectedCRS_to_geogCRS_with_ITRF_intermediate_context) {
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto authFactoryESRI = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "ESRI");
+    auto ctxt =
+        CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactoryEPSG, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_FIPS_3200_Ft_US (projected)
+        authFactoryESRI->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("103501"),
+        // ITRF2005 (geog3D)
+        authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7910"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of NAD_1983_CORS96_StatePlane_North_Carolina_"
+              "FIPS_3200_Ft_US + "
+              "Conversion from NAD83(CORS96) (geog2D) to NAD83(CORS96) "
+              "(geocentric) + Inverse of ITRF2000 to NAD83(CORS96) (1) + "
+              "ITRF2000 to ITRF2005 (1) + "
+              "Conversion from ITRF2005 (geocentric) to ITRF2005 (geog3D)");
+    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(
+        ComparePROJString,
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft "
+        "+xy_out=m +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=33.75 +lon_0=-79 "
+        "+lat_1=34.3333333333333 +lat_2=36.1666666666667 "
+        "+x_0=609601.219202438 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=cart "
+        "+ellps=GRS80 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=0.9956 +y=-1.9013 "
+        "+z=-0.5215 +rx=0.025915 +ry=0.009426 +rz=0.011599 +s=0.00062 "
+        "+dx=0.0007 +dy=-0.0007 +dz=0.0005 +drx=6.7e-05 +dry=-0.000757 "
+        "+drz=-5.1e-05 +ds=-0.00018 +t_epoch=1997 "
+        "+convention=coordinate_frame +step +proj=helmert +x=-0.0001 "
+        "+y=0.0008 +z=0.0058 +rx=0 +ry=0 +rz=0 +s=-0.0004 +dx=0.0002 "
+        "+dy=-0.0001 +dz=0.0018 +drx=0 +dry=0 +drz=0 +ds=-8e-05 "
+        "+t_epoch=2000 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart "
+        "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
+        "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static ProjectedCRSNNPtr createUTM31_WGS84() {
+    return ProjectedCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
+        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static ProjectedCRSNNPtr createUTM32_WGS84() {
+    return ProjectedCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
+        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_projCRS) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createUTM31_WGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(op) != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=utm "
+              "+zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_geogCS_latlong) {
+
+    auto sourceCRS = GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84;
+    auto targetCRS = GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326;
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(sourceCRS,
+                                                                    targetCRS);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    auto conv = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(op);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(conv != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(op->sourceCRS() &&
+                op->sourceCRS()->isEquivalentTo(sourceCRS.get()));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(op->targetCRS() &&
+                op->targetCRS()->isEquivalentTo(targetCRS.get()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    auto convInverse = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Conversion>(conv->inverse());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(convInverse != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(convInverse->sourceCRS() &&
+                convInverse->sourceCRS()->isEquivalentTo(targetCRS.get()));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(convInverse->targetCRS() &&
+                convInverse->targetCRS()->isEquivalentTo(sourceCRS.get()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(conv->method()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()),
+              convInverse->method()->exportToWKT(WKTFormatter::create().get()));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(conv->method()->isEquivalentTo(convInverse->method().get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_geogCS_latlong_database) {
+
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "OGC")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("CRS84"),
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_longlat_to_projCRS) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::OGC_CRS84, createUTM31_WGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_different_from_baseCRS_to_projCRS) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, createUTM31_WGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv +proj=longlat "
+        "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=utm +zone=31 "
+        "+ellps=WGS84");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     geogCRS_different_from_baseCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4807"),  // NTF(Paris)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM31 WGS84
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 4U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        list[0]->nameStr(),
+        "NTF (Paris) to NTF (1) + Inverse of WGS 84 to NTF (3) + UTM zone 31N");
+    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
+        "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocentricCRS_to_projCRS) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createGeocentricDatumWGS84(), createUTM31_WGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createUTM31_WGS84(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_no_id_to_geogCRS_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+        "28992"); // Amersfoort / RD New
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258"); // ETRS89 2D
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    auto wkt2 =
+        "PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
+        "       DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
+        "            ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel 1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]]],\n"
+        "    CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "        METHOD[\"Oblique Stereographic\"],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",52.1561605555556],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",5.38763888888889],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999079],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",155000],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",463000]],\n"
+        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
+        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "    ID[\"EPSG\",28992]]";
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
+    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
+    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size() - 1);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+        const auto &op = list[i];
+        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
+        EXPECT_TRUE(
+            op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto wkt = "PROJCRS[\"NAD83(HARN) / Oregon GIC Lambert (ft)\",\n"
+               "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83(HARN)\",\n"
+               "        DATUM[\"NAD83 (High Accuracy Reference Network)\",\n"
+               "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+               "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+               "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+               "        ID[\"EPSG\",4957]],\n"
+               "    CONVERSION[\"unnamed\",\n"
+               "        METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
+               "            ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
+               "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",41.75,\n"
+               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
+               "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-120.5,\n"
+               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
+               "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\",43,\n"
+               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
+               "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\",45.5,\n"
+               "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
+               "        PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",1312335.958,\n"
+               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
+               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
+               "        PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
+               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048],\n"
+               "            ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
+               "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
+               "        AXIS[\"easting\",east,\n"
+               "            ORDER[1],\n"
+               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]],\n"
+               "        AXIS[\"northing\",north,\n"
+               "            ORDER[2],\n"
+               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]],\n"
+               "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
+               "            ORDER[3],\n"
+               "            LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048]]]";
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
+    auto src = NN_CHECK_ASSERT(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj));
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+        "4957"); // NAD83(HARN) (3D)
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              // Check that z ft->m conversion is done (and just once)
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=ft +z_in=ft +xy_out=m +z_out=m "
+              "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=41.75 +lon_0=-120.5 +lat_1=43 "
+              "+lat_2=45.5 +x_0=399999.9999984 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_projCRS_2D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto wkt =
+        "PROJCRS[\"Projected 3d CRS\",\n"
+        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"JGD2000\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"Japanese Geodetic Datum 2000\",\n"
+        "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "        ID[\"EPSG\",4947]],\n" // the code is what triggered the bug
+        "    CONVERSION[\"Japan Plane Rectangular CS zone VII\",\n"
+        "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",36,\n"
+        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",137.166666666667,\n"
+        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999,\n"
+        "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
+        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
+        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]],\n"
+        "        ID[\"EPSG\",17807]],\n"
+        "    CS[Cartesian,3],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"northing (X)\",north,\n"
+        "            ORDER[1],\n"
+        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"easting (Y)\",east,\n"
+        "            ORDER[2],\n"
+        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
+        "            ORDER[3],\n"
+        "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]]";
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
+    auto src = NN_CHECK_ASSERT(nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj));
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32653"); // WGS 84 UTM 53
+    // We just want to check that we don't get inconsistent chaining exception
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_3D_to_projCRS_with_2D_geocentric_translation) {
+
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto src =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"); // WGS 84 3D
+
+    // Azores Central 1948 / UTM zone 26N
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("2189");
+
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 " // this is what we check. Due to the
+                                       // target system being 2D only
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=104 +y=-167 +z=38 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=intl "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 " // this is what we check
+              "+step +proj=utm +zone=26 +ellps=intl");
+
+    auto listReverse =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, src, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(listReverse.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        listReverse[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline "
+        "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=26 +ellps=intl "
+        "+step +proj=push +v_3 " // this is what we check
+        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=intl "
+        "+step +proj=helmert +x=-104 +y=167 +z=-38 "
+        "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+        "+step +proj=pop +v_3 " // this is what we check
+        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m +xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
+        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS) {
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createUTM31_WGS84(), createUTM32_WGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=WGS84");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_different_baseCRS) {
+
+    auto utm32 = ProjectedCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
+        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
+        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createUTM31_WGS84(), utm32);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32634"), // UTM 34
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+            "2171"), // Pulkovo 42 Poland I
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of UTM zone 34N + Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
+              "(1) + Poland zone I");
+    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_compatible_area_bis) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+            "3844"), // Pulkovo 42 Stereo 70 (Romania)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32634"), // UTM 34
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of Stereo 70 + "
+                                  "Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
+                                  "(19) + UTM zone 34N");
+    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "3");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_one_incompatible_area) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM 31
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+            "2171"), // Pulkovo 42 Poland I
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of UTM zone 31N + Inverse of Pulkovo 1942(58) to WGS 84 "
+              "(1) + Poland zone I");
+    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32631"), // UTM 31
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32633"), // UTM 33
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of UTM zone 31N + UTM zone 33N");
+    ASSERT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies().size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->coordinateOperationAccuracies()[0]->value(), "0");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas_ballpark) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("26711"), // UTM 11 NAD27
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+            "3034"), // ETRS89 / LCC Europe
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    projCRS_to_projCRS_context_incompatible_areas_crs_extent_use_intersection) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSourceAndTargetCRSExtentUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SourceTargetCRSExtentUse::INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("26711"), // UTM 11 NAD27
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+            "3034"), // ETRS89 / LCC Europe
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 0U);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_north_pole_inverted_axis) {
+
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32661"),
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5041"),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_south_pole_inverted_axis) {
+
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("32761"),
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5042"),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_to_projCRS_through_geog3D) {
+    // Check that when going from projCRS to projCRS, using
+    // geog2D-->geog3D-->geog3D-->geog2D we do not have issues with
+    // inconsistent CRS chaining, due to how we 'hack' a bit some intermediate
+    // steps
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5367"), // CR05 / CRTM05
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+            "8908"), // CR-SIRGAS / CRTM05
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-84 +k=0.9999 "
+              "+x_0=500000 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=-0.16959 +y=0.35312 +z=0.51846 "
+              "+rx=-0.03385 +ry=0.16325 +rz=-0.03446 +s=0.03693 "
+              "+convention=position_vector "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=tmerc +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-84 +k=0.9999 +x_0=500000 "
+              "+y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transform_from_amersfoort_rd_new_to_epsg_4326) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("28992"),
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+    // The order matters: "Amersfoort to WGS 84 (4)" replaces "Amersfoort to WGS
+    // 84 (3)"
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of RD New + Amersfoort to WGS 84 (4)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of RD New + Amersfoort to WGS 84 (3)");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
+              "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
+              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geodCRS) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        boundCRS, GeodeticCRS::EPSG_4978);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step "
+              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
+              "+convention=position_vector");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geodCRS_not_related_to_hub) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        boundCRS,
+        // ETRS89 geocentric
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4936"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step "
+              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
+              "+convention=position_vector "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_geogCRS_with_area) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        boundCRS, authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk66 +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
+              "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
+              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_unrelated_geogCRS) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
+                  ->createOperation(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
+                                    GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269)
+                  ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, createOperation_boundCRS_identified_by_datum) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=32 +a=6378249.2 +b=6356515 "
+        "+towgs84=-263.0,6.0,431.0 +no_defs +type=crs");
+    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=helmert +x=263 +y=-6 +z=-431 +step +inv +proj=cart "
+              "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=utm +zone=32 "
+              "+ellps=clrk80ign");
+
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_clrk_66_geogCRS_to_nad83_geogCRS) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=latlong +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=ntv1_can.dat,conus +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=latlong +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
+    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_clrk_66_projCRS_to_nad83_geogCRS) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=17 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=latlong +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
+    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=17 +ellps=clrk66 "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=ntv1_can.dat,conus "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_projCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+    auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
+        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
+        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        utm31, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart "
+              "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
+              "+rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart "
+              "+ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert "
+              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_projCRS) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
+        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+    auto op =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS, utm31);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 "
+              "+z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step "
+              "+inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step "
+              "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_geogCRS_to_unrelated_geogCRS_context) {
+    auto src = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    // ETRS89
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    // Check with it is a concatenated operation, since it doesn't particularly
+    // show up in the PROJ string
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dynamic_cast<ConcatenatedOperation *>(list[0].get()) !=
+                nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Transformation from NTF (Paris) to WGS84 + "
+                                  "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
+              "+convention=position_vector "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geogCRS_to_boundCRS_of_geogCRS) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, boundCRS);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv +proj=helmert +x=1 "
+              "+y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=grad +step +proj=axisswap "
+              "+order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_geogCRS_same_datum_context) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        boundCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=noop");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_geogCRS_hubCRS_and_targetCRS_same_but_baseCRS_not) {
+    const char *wkt =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto obj = WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wkt);
+    auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(boundCRS), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS) {
+    auto utm31 = ProjectedCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
+        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
+        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+    auto utm32 = ProjectedCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269,
+        Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 32, true),
+        CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+    auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        utm31, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        utm32, std::vector<double>{8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
+                                                                    boundCRS2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step +proj=cart "
+              "+ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 "
+              "+rz=6 +s=7 +convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=helmert "
+              "+x=8 +y=9 +z=10 +rx=11 +ry=12 +rz=13 +s=14 "
+              "+convention=position_vector +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=utm +zone=32 +ellps=GRS80");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS_noop_for_TOWGS84) {
+    auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
+                                                                    boundCRS2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+              "+proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +inv +proj=cart "
+              "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=pop +v_3 +step +proj=unitconvert "
+              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_boundCRS_unralated_hub) {
+    auto boundCRS1 = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto boundCRS2 = BoundCRS::create(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979,
+        Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
+            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979,
+            1.0, 2.0, 3.0, std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>()));
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(boundCRS1,
+                                                                    boundCRS2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
+                  ->createOperation(boundCRS1->baseCRS(), boundCRS2->baseCRS())
+                  ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_of_projCRS_towgs84_to_boundCRS_of_projCRS_nadgrids) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=15 +datum=NAD83 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=GRS80 "
+        "+towgs84=0,0,0 +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=15 +datum=NAD27 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=clrk66 "
+        "+nadgrids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=15 +ellps=GRS80 +step "
+              "+inv +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=@conus,@alaska,@ntv2_0.gsb,@ntv1_can.dat +step +proj=utm "
+              "+zone=15 +ellps=clrk66");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_with_basecrs_with_extent_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto wkt =
+        "BOUNDCRS[\n"
+        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
+        "        PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / California zone 3 (ftUS)\",\n"
+        "            BASEGEODCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "                DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
+        "                    ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "                PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
+        "            CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 California zone 3 (US Survey "
+        "feet)\",\n"
+        "                METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
+        "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",36.5,\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
+        "                PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-120.5,\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
+        "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard parallel\","
+        "                    38.4333333333333,\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
+        "                PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard parallel\","
+        "                    37.0666666666667,\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
+        "                PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",6561666.667,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
+        "                    0.304800609601219],\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
+        "                PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",1640416.667,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
+        "                    0.304800609601219],\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
+        "            CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
+        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
+        "                    0.304800609601219]],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
+        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\","
+        "                    0.304800609601219]],\n"
+        "            SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
+        "            AREA[\"USA - California - SPCS - 3\"],\n"
+        "            BBOX[36.73,-123.02,38.71,-117.83],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",2227]]],\n"
+        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
+        "        GEODCRS[\"WGS 84\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
+        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "            CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"latitude\",north,\n"
+        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"longitude\",east,\n"
+        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]],\n"
+        "    ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION[\"NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)\",\n"
+        "        METHOD[\"Geocentric translations (geog2D domain)\",\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",9603]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"X-axis translation\",0,\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8605]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Y-axis translation\",0,\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8606]],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Z-axis translation\",0,\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",8607]],\n"
+        "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
+        "        AREA[\"North America - Canada and USA (CONUS, Alaska "
+        "mainland)\"],\n"
+        "        BBOX[23.81,-172.54,86.46,-47.74],\n"
+        "        ID[\"EPSG\",1188]]]";
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
+    auto boundCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(boundCRS != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(boundCRS), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "Inverse of SPCS83 California zone 3 (US Survey "
+                             "feet) + NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, ETRS89_3D_to_proj_string_with_geoidgrids_nadgrids) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    // ETRS89 3D
+    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937");
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=sterea +lat_0=52.15616055555555 +lon_0=5.38763888888889 "
+        "+k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 +y_0=463000 +ellps=bessel "
+        "+nadgrids=rdtrans2008.gsb +geoidgrids=naptrans2008.gtx +units=m "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        src, NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=naptrans2008.gtx "
+              "+multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=rdtrans2008.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=sterea +lat_0=52.1561605555556 "
+              "+lon_0=5.38763888888889 +k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 "
+              "+y_0=463000 +ellps=bessel");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, nadgrids_with_pm) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.66666666666666 +lon_0=1 +k=1 +x_0=200000 "
+        "+y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +nadgrids=foo.gsb +pm=lisbon "
+        "+units=m +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
+              "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
+              // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    // ETRS89
+    dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4258");
+    list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
+              "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
+              // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    // From WKT BOUNDCRS
+    auto formatter = WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019);
+    auto src_wkt = src->exportToWKT(formatter.get());
+    auto objFromWkt = WKTParser().createFromWKT(src_wkt);
+    auto crsFromWkt = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objFromWkt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(crsFromWkt);
+    list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(crsFromWkt), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=39.6666666666667 +lon_0=1 "
+              "+k=1 +x_0=200000 +y_0=300000 +ellps=intl +pm=lisbon "
+              // Check that there is no extra +step +proj=longlat +pm=lisbon
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, WGS84_G1762_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_vertCRS) {
+    auto authFactoryEPSG =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    // WGS 84 (G1762) 3D
+    auto src = authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7665");
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        src, NN_NO_CHECK(dst), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 53U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of WGS 84 to WGS 84 (G1762) + "
+              "Inverse of unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height + "
+              "Inverse of NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + "
+              "axis order change (2D)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static VerticalCRSNNPtr createVerticalCRS() {
+    PropertyMap propertiesVDatum;
+    propertiesVDatum.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
+        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5101)
+        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "Ordnance Datum Newlyn");
+    auto vdatum = VerticalReferenceFrame::create(propertiesVDatum);
+    PropertyMap propertiesCRS;
+    propertiesCRS.set(Identifier::CODESPACE_KEY, "EPSG")
+        .set(Identifier::CODE_KEY, 5701)
+        .set(IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY, "ODN height");
+    return VerticalCRS::create(
+        propertiesCRS, vdatum,
+        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              CoordinateOperationFactory::create()
+                  ->createOperation(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+                                    GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807)
+                  ->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static BoundCRSNNPtr createBoundVerticalCRS() {
+    auto vertCRS = createVerticalCRS();
+    auto transformation =
+        Transformation::createGravityRelatedHeightToGeographic3D(
+            PropertyMap(), vertCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, nullptr,
+            "us_nga_egm08_25.tif", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
+    return BoundCRS::create(vertCRS, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, transformation);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_height_to_PROJ_string) {
+    auto transf = createBoundVerticalCRS()->transformation();
+    EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif "
+              "+multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    auto grids = transf->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
+    ASSERT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
+    auto gridDesc = *(grids.begin());
+    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.shortName, "us_nga_egm08_25.tif");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.packageName.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.url, "https://cdn.proj.org/us_nga_egm08_25.tif");
+    if (gridDesc.available) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(!gridDesc.fullName.empty()) << gridDesc.fullName;
+        EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.fullName.find(gridDesc.shortName) !=
+                    std::string::npos)
+            << gridDesc.fullName;
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(gridDesc.fullName.empty()) << gridDesc.fullName;
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.directDownload, true);
+    EXPECT_EQ(gridDesc.openLicense, true);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic3D_to_GravityRelatedHeight_gtx) {
+    auto wkt =
+        "COORDINATEOPERATION[\"ETRS89 to NAP height (1)\",\n"
+        "    VERSION[\"RDNAP-Nld 2008\"],\n"
+        "    SOURCECRS[\n"
+        "        GEOGCRS[\"ETRS89\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"European Terrestrial Reference System 1989\",\n"
+        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "            CS[ellipsoidal,3],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
+        "                    ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
+        "                    ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                    ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"ellipsoidal height (h)\",up,\n"
+        "                    ORDER[3],\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",4937]]],\n"
+        "    TARGETCRS[\n"
+        "        VERTCRS[\"NAP height\",\n"
+        "            VDATUM[\"Normaal Amsterdams Peil\"],\n"
+        "            CS[vertical,1],\n"
+        "                AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",5709]]],\n"
+        "    METHOD[\"Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)\",\n"
+        "        ID[\"EPSG\",9665]],\n"
+        "    PARAMETERFILE[\"Geoid (height correction) model "
+        "file\",\"naptrans2008.gtx\"],\n"
+        "    OPERATIONACCURACY[0.01],\n"
+        "    USAGE[\n"
+        "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
+        "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
+        "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]],\n"
+        "    ID[\"EPSG\",7001]]";
+    ;
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
+    auto transf = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<Transformation>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(transf != nullptr);
+
+    // Check that we correctly inverse files in the case of
+    // "Geographic3D to GravityRelatedHeight (US .gtx)"
+    EXPECT_EQ(transf->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
+              "+grids=naptrans2008.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_ntv2_to_PROJ_string) {
+    auto transformation = Transformation::createNTv2(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+        "foo.gsb", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad +step "
+        "+proj=hgridshift +grids=foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
+        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_VERTCON_to_PROJ_string) {
+    auto verticalCRS1 = createVerticalCRS();
+
+    auto verticalCRS2 = VerticalCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), VerticalReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap()),
+        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+
+    // Use of this type of transformation is a bit of non-sense here
+    // since it should normally be used with NGVD29 and NAVD88 for VerticalCRS,
+    // and NAD27/NAD83 as horizontal CRS...
+    auto vtransformation = Transformation::createVERTCON(
+        PropertyMap(), verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, "bla.gtx",
+        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
+    EXPECT_EQ(vtransformation->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001");
+}
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_NZLVD_to_PROJ_string) {
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto op = factory->createCoordinateOperation("7860", false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
+                      .get()),
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_auckht1946-nzvd2016.tif "
+              "+multiplier=1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_BEV_AT_to_PROJ_string) {
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto factory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto op = factory->createCoordinateOperation("9275", false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
+                      .get()),
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=at_bev_GV_Hoehengrid_V1.tif "
+              "+multiplier=1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_longitude_rotation_to_PROJ_string) {
+
+    auto src = GeographicCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
+                           PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
+                           optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
+        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
+    auto dest = GeographicCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
+                           PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
+                           optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::PARIS),
+        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
+    auto transformation = Transformation::createLongitudeRotation(
+        PropertyMap(), src, dest, Angle(10));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +pm=10 +step +proj=unitconvert "
+        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +inv "
+              "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +pm=-10 +step +proj=unitconvert "
+              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic2D_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {
+
+    auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic2DOffsets(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+        Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
+        "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
+              "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_Geographic3D_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {
+
+    auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic3DOffsets(
+        PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+        Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), Length(2), {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
+        "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +dh=2 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
+              "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +dh=-2 +step +proj=unitconvert "
+              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     transformation_Geographic2D_with_height_offsets_to_PROJ_string) {
+
+    auto transformation = Transformation::createGeographic2DWithHeightOffsets(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        CompoundCRS::create(PropertyMap(),
+                            {GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, createVerticalCRS()}),
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, Angle(0.5), Angle(-1), Length(2), {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
+        "+dlat=1800 +dlon=-3600 +dh=2 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+        "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=geogoffset "
+              "+dlat=-1800 +dlon=3600 +dh=-2 +step +proj=unitconvert "
+              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, transformation_vertical_offset_to_PROJ_string) {
+
+    auto transformation = Transformation::createVerticalOffset(
+        PropertyMap(), createVerticalCRS(), createVerticalCRS(), Length(1), {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->validateParameters().empty());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        transformation->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=geogoffset +dh=1");
+    EXPECT_EQ(transformation->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=geogoffset +dh=-1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+                                             createBoundVerticalCRS()});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step +proj=vgridshift "
+        "+grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 +step +proj=unitconvert "
+        "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto geogCRS = GeographicCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), GeodeticReferenceFrame::create(
+                           PropertyMap(), Ellipsoid::WGS84,
+                           optional<std::string>(), PrimeMeridian::GREENWICH),
+        EllipsoidalCS::createLatitudeLongitude(UnitOfMeasure::DEGREE));
+    auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        geogCRS, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createVerticalCRS()});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
+              "+convention=position_vector "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createBoundVerticalCRS()});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    // Not completely sure the order of horizontal and vertical operations
+    // makes sense
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=grad +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +inv +proj=longlat +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
+              "+convention=position_vector "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    auto grids = op->gridsNeeded(DatabaseContext::create(), false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(grids.size(), 1U);
+
+    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, compound);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_boundProjCRS_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto horizBoundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        ProjectedCRS::create(
+            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807,
+            Conversion::createUTM(PropertyMap(), 31, true),
+            CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
+        std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto compound = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{horizBoundCRS, createBoundVerticalCRS()});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        compound, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    // Not completely sure the order of horizontal and vertical operations
+    // makes sense
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign "
+              "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 +rx=4 +ry=5 +rz=6 +s=7 "
+              "+convention=position_vector "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm08_25.tif +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979, compound);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_geoidgrids_with_m_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "axis order change (2D) + "
+                             "unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height");
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_geoidgrids_with_ftus_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx +vunits=us-ft "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->nameStr(), "axis order change (2D) + "
+                             "Transformation from unknown to unknown + "
+                             "unknown to WGS84 ellipsoidal height");
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline "
+        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     compoundCRS_with_boundProjCRS_with_ftus_and_boundVerticalCRS_to_geogCRS) {
+
+    auto wkt =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet + "
+        "NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "    PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet\",\n"
+        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
+        "            UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333333333],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968500],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"ESRI\",\"102630\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height (ftUS)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
+        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"foo.gtx\"],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]";
+
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
+    auto crs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(crs != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(crs), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4979);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
+              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 "
+              "+k=0.999933333333333 +x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_geogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+
+    const char *wktSrc =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
+        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
+    auto objSrc =
+        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
+    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
+
+    const char *wktDst =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
+    auto objDst =
+        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
+    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
+              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_boundGeogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {
+
+    // Variant of above but with TOWGS84 in source & target CRS
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+
+    const char *wktSrc =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
+        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
+    auto objSrc =
+        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
+    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
+
+    const char *wktDst =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
+    auto objDst =
+        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
+    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
+              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_with_boundVerticalCRS_from_grids_to_boundGeogCRS_with_ftus_ctxt) {
+
+    // Variant of above but with TOWGS84 in target CRS only
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+
+    const char *wktSrc =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
+        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"@foo.gtx\"],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]";
+    auto objSrc =
+        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
+    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
+
+    const char *wktDst =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"Ellipsoid (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"Ellipsoid\",2002],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]";
+    auto objDst =
+        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktDst);
+    auto dstCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<BoundCRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dstCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(dstCRS), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
+              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=us-ft "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     compoundCRS_with_boundGeogCRS_and_geoid_to_geodCRS_NAD2011_ctxt) {
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+
+    const char *wktSrc =
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / California zone 5 (ftUS) + "
+        "NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (ftUS)\","
+        "   PROJCS[\"NAD83 / California zone 5 (ftUS)\","
+        "       GEOGCS[\"NAD83\","
+        "           DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\","
+        "               SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,"
+        "                   AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],"
+        "               TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"
+        "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],"
+        "           PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"
+        "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],"
+        "           UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,"
+        "               AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],"
+        "           AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],"
+        "       PROJECTION[\"Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP\"],"
+        "       PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_1\",35.46666666666667],"
+        "       PARAMETER[\"standard_parallel_2\",34.03333333333333],"
+        "       PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",33.5],"
+        "       PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-118],"
+        "       PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",6561666.667],"
+        "       PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",1640416.667],"
+        "       UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,"
+        "           AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],"
+        "       AXIS[\"X\",EAST],"
+        "       AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],"
+        "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"2229\"]],"
+        "VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (ftUS)\","
+        "   VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,"
+        "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],"
+        "   UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,"
+        "       AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],"
+        "   AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],"
+        "   AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]";
+    auto objSrc =
+        WKTParser().attachDatabaseContext(dbContext).createFromWKT(wktSrc);
+    auto srcCRS = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCRS != nullptr);
+
+    auto authFactoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    // NAD83(2011) geocentric
+    auto dstCRS = authFactoryEPSG->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6317");
+
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCRS), dstCRS, ctxt);
+    bool found = false;
+    for (const auto &op : list) {
+        if (op->nameStr() ==
+            "Inverse of unnamed + "
+            "Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
+            "Ballpark geographic offset from WGS 84 to NAD83(2011) + "
+            "Transformation from NAVD88 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 height + "
+            "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
+            "Conversion from NAD83(2011) (geog3D) to NAD83(2011) "
+            "(geocentric)") {
+            found = true;
+            EXPECT_EQ(
+                op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                "+proj=pipeline "
+                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
+                "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=33.5 +lon_0=-118 "
+                "+lat_1=35.4666666666667 +lat_2=34.0333333333333 "
+                "+x_0=2000000.0001016 +y_0=500000.0001016 +ellps=GRS80 "
+                "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
+                "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif "
+                "+multiplier=1 "
+                "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80");
+        }
+    }
+    EXPECT_TRUE(found);
+    if (!found) {
+        for (const auto &op : list) {
+            std::cerr << op->nameStr() << std::endl;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocent_to_compoundCRS) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=geocent +datum=WGS84 +units=m +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv "
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 +step +inv "
+              "+proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
+              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, geocent_to_compoundCRS_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    // WGS84 geocentric
+    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4978");
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        src, NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +inv "
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 +step +inv "
+              "+proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb +step +proj=unitconvert "
+              "+xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS) {
+    auto compound1 = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM31_WGS84(), createVerticalCRS()});
+    auto compound2 = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM32_WGS84(), createVerticalCRS()});
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(compound1,
+                                                                    compound2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    auto opRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        createUTM31_WGS84(), createUTM32_WGS84());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(opRef != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(op->isEquivalentTo(opRef.get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_vertical_transform) {
+    auto verticalCRS1 = createVerticalCRS();
+
+    auto verticalCRS2 = VerticalCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(), VerticalReferenceFrame::create(PropertyMap()),
+        VerticalCS::createGravityRelatedHeight(UnitOfMeasure::METRE));
+
+    // Use of this type of transformation is a bit of non-sense here
+    // since it should normally be used with NGVD29 and NAVD88 for VerticalCRS,
+    // and NAD27/NAD83 as horizontal CRS...
+    auto vtransformation = Transformation::createVERTCON(
+        PropertyMap(), verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, "bla.gtx",
+        std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
+
+    auto compound1 = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{
+            ProjectedCRS::create(
+                PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+                Conversion::createTransverseMercator(PropertyMap(), Angle(1),
+                                                     Angle(2), Scale(3),
+                                                     Length(4), Length(5)),
+                CartesianCS::createEastingNorthing(UnitOfMeasure::METRE)),
+            BoundCRS::create(verticalCRS1, verticalCRS2, vtransformation)});
+    auto compound2 = CompoundCRS::create(
+        PropertyMap(),
+        std::vector<CRSNNPtr>{createUTM32_WGS84(), verticalCRS2});
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(compound1,
+                                                                    compound2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 +k=3 "
+              "+x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001 +step "
+              "+proj=utm +zone=32 "
+              "+ellps=WGS84");
+    {
+        auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
+        formatter->setUseApproxTMerc(true);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            op->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=tmerc +approx +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 "
+            "+k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84 +step "
+            "+proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx +multiplier=0.001 +step "
+            "+proj=utm +approx +zone=32 "
+            "+ellps=WGS84");
+    }
+    {
+        auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
+        formatter->setUseApproxTMerc(true);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            op->inverse()->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +approx +zone=32 +ellps=WGS84 "
+            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=bla.gtx "
+            "+multiplier=0.001 +step +proj=tmerc +approx +lat_0=1 +lon_0=2 "
+            "+k=3 +x_0=4 +y_0=5 +ellps=WGS84");
+    }
+
+    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        compound2, compound1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
+    {
+        auto formatter = PROJStringFormatter::create();
+        auto formatter2 = PROJStringFormatter::create();
+        EXPECT_EQ(opInverse->inverse()->exportToPROJString(formatter.get()),
+                  op->exportToPROJString(formatter2.get()));
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@bar.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=@foo.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@bar.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_geoidgrids) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
+              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_geoidgrids_different_vunits) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+vunits=us-ft +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=us-ft "
+              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_nadgrids_same_geoidgrids) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=noop");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_same_towgs84_same_geoidgrids) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +towgs84=0,0,0 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0 +geoidgrids=@foo.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=cart +ellps=GRS67 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_with_bound_crs_in_horiz_and_vert_WKT1_same_geoidgrids_context) {
+    auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B "
+        "(Meters)\",\n"
+        "    PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West\",\n"
+        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",600000],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"X\",EAST],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"26930\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
+        "            "
+        "EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"g2012a_alaska.gtx,g2012a_hawaii.gtx,"
+        "g2012a_conus.gtx\"],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet + NAVD88 "
+        "height - Geoid12B (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "    PROJCS[\"NAD_1983_StatePlane_Alabama_West_FIPS_0102_Feet\",\n"
+        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0],\n"
+        "            UNIT[\"Degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333333333],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",1968500],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Easting\",EAST],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Northing\",NORTH],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"ESRI\",\"102630\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height (ftUS)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
+        "            "
+        "EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"g2012a_alaska.gtx,g2012a_hawaii.gtx,"
+        "g2012a_conus.gtx\"],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6360\"]]]");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of unnamed + "
+              "Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
+              "NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + "
+              "Inverse of Transformation from NAD83 to WGS84 + "
+              "unnamed");
+    auto grids = list[0]->gridsNeeded(dbContext, false);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(grids.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 +k=0.999933333 "
+              "+x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=us-ft "
+              "+step +proj=tmerc +lat_0=30 +lon_0=-87.5 +k=0.999933333333333 "
+              "+x_0=600000 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +xy_out=us-ft");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_issue_2232) {
+    auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West + NAVD88 height - Geoid12B "
+        "(Meters)\",\n"
+        "    PROJCS[\"NAD83 / Alabama West\",\n"
+        "        GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "                SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                    AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "                TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "            UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "        PROJECTION[\"Transverse_Mercator\"],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"latitude_of_origin\",30],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"central_meridian\",-87.5],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"scale_factor\",0.999933333],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_easting\",600000],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"false_northing\",0],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"X\",EAST],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Y\",NORTH],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"26930\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"NAVD88 height - Geoid12B (Meters)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\",2005,\n"
+        "            EXTENSION[\"PROJ4_GRIDS\",\"foo.gtx\"],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5103\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"metre\",1.0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9001\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Gravity-related height\",UP],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"5703\"]]]");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+        "COMPD_CS[\"NAD83 + some CRS (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"North_American_Datum_1983\",\n"
+        "            SPHEROID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"7019\"]],\n"
+        "            TOWGS84[0,0,0,0,0,0,0],\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"6269\"]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"8901\"]],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9122\"]],\n"
+        "        AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"4269\"]],\n"
+        "    VERT_CS[\"some CRS (US Feet)\",\n"
+        "        VERT_DATUM[\"some datum\",2005],\n"
+        "        UNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.3048006096012192,\n"
+        "            AUTHORITY[\"EPSG\",\"9003\"]],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"Up\",UP]]]");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), ctxt);
+    EXPECT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+
+    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), ctxt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list2.size(), list.size());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // NAD27 + NGVD29 height (ftUS)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7406"),
+        // NAD83(NSRS2007) + NAVD88 height
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5500"), ctxt);
+    // 152 or 155 depending if the VERTCON grids are there
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 152U);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NGVD29 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
+                                  "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + Inverse of "
+                                  "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+        "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_vertcone.tif +multiplier=1 "
+        "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif +step "
+        "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap "
+        "+order=2,1");
+    {
+        // Test that we can round-trip this through WKT and still get the same
+        // PROJ string.
+        auto wkt = list[0]->exportToWKT(
+            WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
+        auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt);
+        auto co = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CoordinateOperation>(obj);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(co != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            co->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
+    }
+
+    bool foundApprox = false;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+        auto projString =
+            list[i]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(
+            projString.find("+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+                            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft "
+                            "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m") == 0)
+            << list[i]->nameStr();
+        if (list[i]->nameStr().find("Transformation from NGVD29 height (ftUS) "
+                                    "to NAVD88 height (ballpark vertical "
+                                    "transformation)") == 0) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(list[i]->hasBallparkTransformation());
+            EXPECT_EQ(list[i]->nameStr(),
+                      "Transformation from NGVD29 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 "
+                      "height (ballpark vertical transformation) + NAD27 to "
+                      "WGS 84 (79) + Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
+            EXPECT_EQ(
+                projString,
+                "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+                "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
+                "+z_out=m +step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif "
+                "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+                "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+            foundApprox = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    EXPECT_TRUE(foundApprox);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_context_helmert_noop) {
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    // WGS84 + EGM96
+    auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
+    auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
+    // ETRS89 + EGM96
+    auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4258+5773", dbContext);
+    auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=noop");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// EGM96 has a geoid model referenced to WGS84, and Belfast height has a
+// geoid model referenced to ETRS89
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_WGS84_EGM96_to_ETRS89_Belfast) {
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    // WGS84 + EGM96
+    auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
+    auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
+    // ETRS89 + Belfast height
+    auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4258+5732", dbContext);
+    auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
+                                  "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1) + "
+                                  "ETRS89 to Belfast height (2)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSGM15_Belfast.tif "
+              "+multiplier=1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Variant of above where source intermediate geog3D CRS == target intermediate
+// geog3D CRS
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_WGS84_EGM96_to_WGS84_Belfast) {
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    // WGS84 + EGM96
+    auto objSrc = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext);
+    auto srcCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCrs != nullptr);
+    // WGS84 + Belfast height
+    auto objDest = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5732", dbContext);
+    auto destCrs = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CompoundCRS>(objDest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(destCrs != nullptr);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcCrs), NN_NO_CHECK(destCrs), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
+                                  "Inverse of ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1) + "
+                                  "ETRS89 to Belfast height (2) + "
+                                  "ETRS89 to WGS 84 (1)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=uk_os_OSGM15_Belfast.tif "
+              "+multiplier=1 +step "
+              "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_compoundCRS_concatenated_operation_with_two_vert_transformation) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            // ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("8360"),
+            // ETRS89 + EVRF2007 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7423"), ctxt);
+        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +proj=vgridshift "
+            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_Baltic1957.tif +multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift "
+            "+grids=sk_gku_Slovakia_ETRS89h_to_EVRF2007.tif +multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            list[0]->nameStr(),
+            "ETRS89 + Baltic 1957 height to ETRS89 + EVRF2007 height (1)");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->inverse()->nameStr(), "Inverse of 'ETRS89 + Baltic "
+                                                 "1957 height to ETRS89 + "
+                                                 "EVRF2007 height (1)'");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS) {
+
+    auto vertcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=m");
+    auto vertcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_m_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_m != nullptr);
+
+    auto vertcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=ft");
+    auto vertcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_ft_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_ft != nullptr);
+
+    auto vertcrs_us_ft_obj =
+        PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString("+vunits=us-ft");
+    auto vertcrs_us_ft =
+        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(vertcrs_us_ft_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(vertcrs_us_ft != nullptr);
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft");
+    }
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->inverse()->exportToPROJString(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
+    }
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_m));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=unitconvert +z_in=ft +z_out=m");
+    }
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertcrs_us_ft));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=affine +s33=0.999998");
+    }
+
+    auto vertCRSMetreUp =
+        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+            "VERTCRS[\"my height\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
+            "AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,"
+            "LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreUp != nullptr);
+
+    auto vertCRSMetreDown =
+        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+            "VERTCRS[\"my depth\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
+            "AXIS[\"depth (D)\",down,LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreDown != nullptr);
+
+    auto vertCRSMetreDownFtUS =
+        nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<VerticalCRS>(WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+            "VERTCRS[\"my depth (ftUS)\",VDATUM[\"my datum\"],CS[vertical,1],"
+            "AXIS[\"depth (D)\",down,LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey "
+            "foot\",0.304800609601219]]]"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(vertCRSMetreDownFtUS != nullptr);
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreUp), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreDown));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3");
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreUp),
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(vertCRSMetreDownFtUS));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=affine +s33=-3.28083333333333");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // NGVD29 height (m)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7968"),
+        // NAVD88 height (1)
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5703"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 3U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "NGVD29 height (m) to NAVD88 height (3)");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_vertcone.tif +multiplier=1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, vertCRS_to_vertCRS_New_Zealand_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // NZVD2016 height
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7839"),
+        // Auckland 1946 height
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("5759"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=vgridshift +grids=nz_linz_auckht1946-nzvd2016.tif "
+              "+multiplier=1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, projCRS_3D_to_geogCRS_3D) {
+
+    auto compoundcrs_ft_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=merc +vunits=ft +type=crs");
+    auto proj3DCRS_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(compoundcrs_ft_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(proj3DCRS_ft != nullptr);
+
+    auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
+    auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(proj3DCRS_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=ft "
+                  "+xy_out=m +z_out=m "
+                  "+step +inv +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 "
+                  "+ellps=WGS84 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=m "
+                  "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m");
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(proj3DCRS_ft));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=m +z_out=ft "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=ft "
+                  "+xy_out=rad +z_out=m "
+                  "+step +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=m +z_in=m "
+                  "+xy_out=m +z_out=ft");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D) {
+
+    auto compoundcrs_ft_obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "    PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
+        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8901]]],\n"
+        "        CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "            METHOD[\"Mercator (variant A)\",\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9804]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",1,\n"
+        "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",0,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],\n"
+        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
+        "                ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
+        "                ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1,\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9001]]]],\n"
+        "    VERTCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "        VDATUM[\"unknown\"],\n"
+        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"foot\",0.3048,\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9002]]]]]");
+    auto compoundcrs_ft = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(compoundcrs_ft_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(compoundcrs_ft != nullptr);
+
+    auto geogcrs_m_obj = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +vunits=m +type=crs");
+    auto geogcrs_m = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(geogcrs_m_obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(geogcrs_m != nullptr);
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(compoundcrs_ft), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 "
+                  "+y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+                  "+z_in=ft +xy_out=deg +z_out=m");
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(geogcrs_m), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(compoundcrs_ft));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(op->hasBallparkTransformation());
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=m "
+                  "+xy_out=rad +z_out=ft +step +proj=merc +lon_0=0 +k=1 +x_0=0 "
+                  "+y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    // CompoundCRS to Geog3DCRS, with vertical unit change, but without
+    // ellipsoid height <--> vertical height correction
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+                "7406"), // NAD27 + NGVD29 height (ftUS)
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+                  "NAD27 to WGS 84 (79) + Transformation from NGVD29 height "
+                  "(ftUS) to WGS 84 (ballpark vertical transformation, without "
+                  "ellipsoid height to vertical height correction)");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                          authFactory->databaseContext())
+                          .get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 +step "
+                  "+proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad +step "
+                  "+proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_conus.tif "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert "
+                  "+xy_in=rad +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=deg +z_out=m +step "
+                  "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+
+    // CompoundCRS to Geog3DCRS, with same vertical unit, and with
+    // direct ellipsoid height <--> vertical height correction and
+    // direct horizontal transform (no-op here)
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+                "5500"), // NAD83(NSRS2007) + NAVD88 height
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+                  "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
+                  "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                          authFactory->databaseContext())
+                          .get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
+                  "+multiplier=1 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->remarks(),
+                  "For NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) (EPSG:9173): Uses "
+                  "Geoid09 hybrid model. Replaced by 2012 model (CT code 6326)."
+                  "\n"
+                  "For NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1) (EPSG:15931): "
+                  "Approximation at the +/- 1m level assuming that "
+                  "NAD83(NSRS2007) is equivalent to WGS 84 within the accuracy "
+                  "of the transformation.");
+    }
+
+    // NAD83 + NAVD88 height --> WGS 84
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+        // NAD83 + NAVD88 height
+        auto srcObj = createFromUserInput(
+            "EPSG:4269+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+        auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+        auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            nnSrc,
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+                  "NAD83 to WGS 84 (1) + "
+                  "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1) + "
+                  "Inverse of NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
+                  "NAD83(NSRS2007) to WGS 84 (1)");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                          authFactory->databaseContext())
+                          .get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
+                  "+multiplier=1 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+
+    // Another variation, but post horizontal adjustment is in two steps
+    {
+        auto ctxt =
+            CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+        ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+        ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+            CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+                IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+        // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
+        auto srcObj = createFromUserInput(
+            "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+        auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+        auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+
+        auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            nnSrc,
+            authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4979"), // WGS 84
+            ctxt);
+        ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 2U);
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+                  "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
+                  "Inverse of NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (1) + "
+                  "NAD83 to WGS 84 (1)");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                          authFactory->databaseContext())
+                          .get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2018u0.tif "
+                  "+multiplier=1 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+        // Shows vertical step, and then horizontal step
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->nameStr(),
+                  "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (3) + "
+                  "Inverse of NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (1) + "
+                  "NAD83 to WGS 84 (18)");
+        EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                          PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                          authFactory->databaseContext())
+                          .get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+                  "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2018u0.tif "
+                  "+multiplier=1 "
+                  "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=us_noaa_FL.tif "
+                  "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+                  "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_3D_with_3D_helmert_context) {
+    // Use case of https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2225
+    auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create();
+    auto authFactory = AuthorityFactory::create(dbContext, "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    // WGS84 + EGM96 height
+    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326+5773", dbContext, false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src),
+        // CH1903+
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4150")->promoteTo3D(
+            std::string(), dbContext),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Inverse of WGS 84 to EGM96 height (1) + "
+                                  "Inverse of CH1903+ to WGS 84 (1)");
+    // Check that there is no push v_3 / pop v_3
+    const char *expected_proj =
+        "+proj=pipeline "
+        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_nga_egm96_15.tif +multiplier=1 "
+        "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+        "+step +proj=helmert +x=-674.374 +y=-15.056 +z=-405.346 "
+        "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=bessel "
+        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1";
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                  PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                      PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5, dbContext)
+                      .get()),
+              expected_proj);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_2D_promote_to_3D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    // NAD83 + NAVD88 height
+    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:4269+5703",
+                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
+
+    auto listCompoundToGeog2D =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    // The checked value is not that important, but in case this changes,
+    // likely due to a EPSG upgrade, worth checking
+    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog2D.size(), 142U);
+
+    auto listGeog2DToCompound =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(listGeog2DToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog2D.size());
+
+    auto listCompoundToGeog3D =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            nnSrc,
+            dst->promoteTo3D(std::string(), authFactory->databaseContext()),
+            ctxt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog3D.size(), listCompoundToGeog2D.size());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_of_projCRS_to_geogCRS_2D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    // SPCS83 California zone 1 (US Survey feet) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
+    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:2225+6360",
+                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        nnSrc, dst, ctxt);
+    // The checked value is not that important, but in case this changes,
+    // likely due to a EPSG upgrade, worth checking
+    // We want to make sure that the horizontal adjustments before and after
+    // the vertical transformation are the reverse of each other, and there are
+    // not mixes with different alternative operations (like California grid
+    // forward and Nevada grid reverse)
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 14U);
+
+    // Check that unit conversion is OK
+    auto op_proj =
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(op_proj,
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
+              "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=39.3333333333333 +lon_0=-122 "
+              "+lat_1=41.6666666666667 +lat_2=40 +x_0=2000000.0001016 "
+              "+y_0=500000.0001016 +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_geoid09_conus.tif "
+              "+multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_wkt_without_id_to_geogCRS) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    auto wkt =
+        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height\",\n"
+        "    GEOGCRS[\"NAD83(2011)\",\n"
+        "        DATUM[\"NAD83 (National Spatial Reference System 2011)\",\n"
+        "            ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "        CS[ellipsoidal,2],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,\n"
+        "                ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,\n"
+        "                ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
+        "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
+        "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
+        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]]";
+    auto srcObj =
+        createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011)
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
+    auto srcRefObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+5703",
+                                         authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto srcRef = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcRefObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcRef != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        src->isEquivalentTo(srcRef.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
+    auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcRef), dst, ctxt);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     compoundCRS_of_projCRS_from_wkt_without_id_or_extent_to_geogCRS) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    auto wkt =
+        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height\",\n"
+        "    PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South\",\n"
+        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
+        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
+        "        CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters)\",\n"
+        "            METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",39.3333333333333,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-77.75,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard "
+        "parallel\",40.9666666666667,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard "
+        "parallel\",39.9333333333333,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",600000,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
+        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
+        "                ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
+        "                ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
+        "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
+        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]]]";
+    auto srcObj =
+        createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
+    // NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height
+    auto srcRefObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:32129+5703",
+                                         authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto srcRef = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcRefObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcRef != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        src->isEquivalentTo(srcRef.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
+    auto listRef = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(srcRef), dst, ctxt);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(list.size(), listRef.size());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
+    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6360",
+                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D
+
+    auto listCompoundToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());
+
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
+    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
+        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
+    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
+
+    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
+    // regular NAVD88 height or its ftUs variant
+    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
+                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
+                .get()),
+        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                           authFactory->databaseContext())
+                           .get()),
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
+                   "+z_out=m"));
+
+    // Check reverse path
+    auto listGeogToCompound =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change_and_complex_horizontal_change) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height (ftUS)
+    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6360",
+                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("7665"); // WGS84(G1762) 3D
+
+    auto listCompoundToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
+                                                               ctxt);
+
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
+    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
+        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
+    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
+
+    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
+    // regular NAVD88 height or its ftUs variant
+    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
+
+    ASSERT_GE(listCompoundToGeog.size(), 1U);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
+                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
+                .get()),
+        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                           authFactory->databaseContext())
+                           .get()),
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +z_in=us-ft +xy_out=rad "
+                   "+z_out=m"));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_height_depth_reversal) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 depth
+    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6357",
+                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D
+
+    auto listCompoundToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());
+
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
+    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
+        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
+    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
+
+    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
+    // regular NAVD88 height or its depth variant
+    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 depth + " +
+                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
+                .get()),
+        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                           authFactory->databaseContext())
+                           .get()),
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+                   "+step +proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3"));
+
+    // Check reverse path
+    auto listGeogToCompound =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    compoundCRS_to_geogCRS_with_vertical_unit_change_and_height_depth_reversal) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 depth (ftUS)
+    auto srcObj = createFromUserInput("EPSG:6318+6358",
+                                      authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto nnSrc = NN_NO_CHECK(src);
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6319"); // NAD83(2011) 3D
+
+    auto listCompoundToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(nnSrc, dst,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!listCompoundToGeog.empty());
+
+    // NAD83(2011) + NAVD88 height
+    auto srcObjCompoundVMetre = createFromUserInput(
+        "EPSG:6318+5703", authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto srcCompoundVMetre = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObjCompoundVMetre);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(srcCompoundVMetre != nullptr);
+    auto listCompoundMetreToGeog =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+            NN_NO_CHECK(srcCompoundVMetre), dst, ctxt);
+
+    // Check that we get the same and similar results whether we start from
+    // regular NAVD88 height or its depth (ftUS) variant
+    ASSERT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog.size(), listCompoundMetreToGeog.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(listCompoundToGeog[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of NAVD88 height (ftUS) to NAVD88 depth (ftUS) + "
+              "Inverse of NAVD88 height to NAVD88 height (ftUS) + " +
+                  listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->nameStr());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        listCompoundToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+            PROJStringFormatter::create(PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                                        authFactory->databaseContext())
+                .get()),
+        replaceAll(listCompoundMetreToGeog[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                       PROJStringFormatter::create(
+                           PROJStringFormatter::Convention::PROJ_5,
+                           authFactory->databaseContext())
+                           .get()),
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad",
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+                   "+step +proj=axisswap +order=1,2,-3 "
+                   "+step +proj=unitconvert +z_in=us-ft +z_out=m"));
+
+    // Check reverse path
+    auto listGeogToCompound =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(dst, nnSrc,
+                                                               ctxt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(listGeogToCompound.size(), listCompoundToGeog.size());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_of_vertCRS_with_geoid_model_to_geogCRS) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    auto wkt =
+        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South + NAVD88 height\",\n"
+        "    PROJCRS[\"NAD83 / Pennsylvania South\",\n"
+        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"NAD83\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"North American Datum 1983\",\n"
+        "                ELLIPSOID[\"GRS 1980\",6378137,298.257222101,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]]],\n"
+        "        CONVERSION[\"SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters)\",\n"
+        "            METHOD[\"Lambert Conic Conformal (2SP)\",\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9802]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of false origin\",39.3333333333333,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8821]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of false origin\",-77.75,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8822]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 1st standard "
+        "parallel\",40.9666666666667,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8823]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of 2nd standard "
+        "parallel\",39.9333333333333,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8824]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Easting at false origin\",600000,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8826]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Northing at false origin\",0,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8827]]],\n"
+        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"easting (X)\",east,\n"
+        "                ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"northing (Y)\",north,\n"
+        "                ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "    VERTCRS[\"NAVD88 height\",\n"
+        "        VDATUM[\"North American Vertical Datum 1988\"],\n"
+        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "        GEOIDMODEL[\"GEOID12B\"]]]";
+    auto srcObj =
+        createFromUserInput(wkt, authFactory->databaseContext(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(srcObj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto dst = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"); // NAD83
+
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!list.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(),
+              "Inverse of SPCS83 Pennsylvania South zone (meters) + "
+              "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83 to NAD83(2011) + "
+              "Inverse of NAD83(2011) to NAVD88 height (1) + "
+              "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83(2011) to NAD83");
+    auto op_proj =
+        list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        op_proj,
+        "+proj=pipeline "
+        "+step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_0=39.3333333333333 +lon_0=-77.75 "
+        "+lat_1=40.9666666666667 +lat_2=39.9333333333333 +x_0=600000 "
+        "+y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 "
+        "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=us_noaa_g2012bu0.tif +multiplier=1 "
+        "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+        "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_WKT2_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+        "7415"); // Amersfoort / RD New + NAP height
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+    auto wkt2 = src->exportToWKT(
+        WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019).get());
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
+    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
+    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), list2.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+        const auto &op = list[i];
+        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
+        EXPECT_TRUE(
+            op->isEquivalentTo(op2.get(), IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT));
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_from_WKT2_no_id_to_geogCRS_3D_context) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto src = authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(
+        "7415"); // Amersfoort / RD New + NAP height
+    auto dst =
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4937"); // ETRS89 3D
+    auto list =
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(src, dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list.size(), 1U);
+
+    {
+        auto op_proj =
+            list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
+        EXPECT_EQ(
+            op_proj,
+            "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=sterea +lat_0=52.1561605555556 "
+            "+lon_0=5.38763888888889 +k=0.9999079 +x_0=155000 +y_0=463000 "
+            "+ellps=bessel "
+            "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=nl_nsgi_rdtrans2018.tif "
+            "+step +proj=vgridshift +grids=nl_nsgi_nlgeo2018.tif +multiplier=1 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+            "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+
+    auto wkt2 =
+        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "  PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"Amersfoort\",\n"
+        "                ELLIPSOID[\"Bessel "
+        "1841\",6377397.155,299.1528128]]],\n"
+        "    CONVERSION[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "        METHOD[\"Oblique Stereographic\"],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",52.1561605555556],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",5.38763888888889],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9999079],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",155000],\n"
+        "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",463000]],\n"
+        "    CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north],\n"
+        "    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "  VERTCRS[\"NAP height\",\n"
+        "    VDATUM[\"Normaal Amsterdams Peil\"],\n"
+        "    CS[vertical,1],\n"
+        "        AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
+        "        LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],\n"
+        "    USAGE[\n"
+        "        SCOPE[\"unknown\"],\n"
+        "        AREA[\"Netherlands - onshore\"],\n"
+        "        BBOX[50.75,3.2,53.7,7.22]]]";
+
+    auto obj = WKTParser().createFromWKT(wkt2);
+    auto src_from_wkt2 = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(obj);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src_from_wkt2 != nullptr);
+    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src_from_wkt2), dst, ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), list2.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+        const auto &op = list[i];
+        const auto &op2 = list2[i];
+        auto op_proj =
+            op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
+        auto op2_proj =
+            op2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get());
+        EXPECT_EQ(op_proj, op2_proj) << "op=" << op->nameStr()
+                                     << " op2=" << op2->nameStr();
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, proj3DCRS_with_non_meter_horiz_and_vertical_to_geog) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=31 +datum=WGS84 +units=us-ft +vunits=us-ft +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    // Check that vertical unit conversion is done just once
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +z_in=us-ft "
+              "+xy_out=m +z_out=m "
+              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, compoundCRS_with_non_meter_horiz_and_vertical_to_geog) {
+    auto objSrc = WKTParser().createFromWKT(
+        "COMPOUNDCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "    PROJCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "        BASEGEOGCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "            DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\",\n"
+        "                ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,\n"
+        "                    LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",6326]],\n"
+        "            PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8901]]],\n"
+        "        CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 31N\",\n"
+        "            METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\",\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",3,\n"
+        "                ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,\n"
+        "                SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],\n"
+        "            PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],\n"
+        "                ID[\"EPSG\",8807]],\n"
+        "            ID[\"EPSG\",16031]],\n"
+        "        CS[Cartesian,2],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"(E)\",east,\n"
+        "                ORDER[1],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"(N)\",north,\n"
+        "                ORDER[2],\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]]],\n"
+        "    VERTCRS[\"unknown\",\n"
+        "        VDATUM[\"unknown\"],\n"
+        "        CS[vertical,1],\n"
+        "            AXIS[\"gravity-related height (H)\",up,\n"
+        "                LENGTHUNIT[\"US survey foot\",0.304800609601219,\n"
+        "                    ID[\"EPSG\",9003]]]]]"
+
+        );
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(src), authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    // Check that vertical unit conversion is done just once
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=us-ft +xy_out=m "
+              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +z_in=us-ft "
+              "+xy_out=deg +z_out=m "
+              "+step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, boundCRS_to_compoundCRS) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS67 +nadgrids=@foo.gsb +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +ellps=GRS80 +nadgrids=@bar.gsb +geoidgrids=@bar.gtx "
+        "+type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=hgridshift +grids=@foo.gsb "
+              "+step +inv +proj=vgridshift +grids=@bar.gtx +multiplier=1 "
+              "+step +inv +proj=hgridshift +grids=@bar.gsb "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+
+    auto opInverse = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(opInverse != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(opInverse->inverse()->_isEquivalentTo(op.get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, IGNF_LAMB1_TO_EPSG_4326) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), std::string());
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setGridAvailabilityUse(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::GridAvailabilityUse::
+            IGNORE_GRID_AVAILABILITY);
+    ctxt->setAllowUseIntermediateCRS(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::IntermediateCRSUse::ALWAYS);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "IGNF")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("LAMB1"),
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 2U);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(list[0]->hasBallparkTransformation());
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_1=49.5 +lat_0=49.5 "
+              "+lon_0=0 +k_0=0.99987734 +x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 "
+              "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=fr_ign_ntf_r93.tif +step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad "
+              "+xy_out=deg +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(list[1]->hasBallparkTransformation());
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=lcc +lat_1=49.5 +lat_0=49.5 "
+              "+lon_0=0 +k_0=0.99987734 +x_0=600000 +y_0=200000 "
+              "+ellps=clrk80ign +pm=paris +step +proj=push +v_3 +step "
+              "+proj=cart +ellps=clrk80ign +step +proj=helmert +x=-168 +y=-60 "
+              "+z=320 +step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 +step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg +step "
+              "+proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+
+    auto list2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            // NTF (Paris) / Lambert Nord France equivalent to IGNF:LAMB1
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("27561"),
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG")
+            ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4326"),
+        ctxt);
+    ASSERT_GE(list2.size(), 3U);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(replaceAll(list2[0]->exportToPROJString(
+                             PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                         "0.999877341", "0.99987734"),
+              list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
+
+    // The second entry in list2 (list2[1]) uses the
+    // weird +pm=2.33720833333333 from "NTF (Paris) to NTF (2)"
+    // so skip to the 3th method
+    EXPECT_EQ(replaceAll(list2[2]->exportToPROJString(
+                             PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                         "0.999877341", "0.99987734"),
+              list[1]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, NAD83_to_projeted_CRS_based_on_NAD83_2011) {
+    auto authFactory =
+        AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(), "EPSG");
+    auto ctxt = CoordinateOperationContext::create(authFactory, nullptr, 0.0);
+    ctxt->setSpatialCriterion(
+        CoordinateOperationContext::SpatialCriterion::PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
+    auto list = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperations(
+        // NAD83
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("4269"),
+        // NAD83(2011) / California Albers
+        authFactory->createCoordinateReferenceSystem("6414"), ctxt);
+    ASSERT_EQ(list.size(), 1U);
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->nameStr(), "Ballpark geographic offset from NAD83 to "
+                                  "NAD83(2011) + California Albers");
+    EXPECT_EQ(list[0]->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=aea +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-120 +lat_1=34 "
+              "+lat_2=40.5 +x_0=0 +y_0=-4000000 +ellps=GRS80");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, isPROJInstantiable) {
+
+    {
+        auto transformation = Transformation::createGeocentricTranslations(
+            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+            1.0, 2.0, 3.0, {});
+        EXPECT_TRUE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
+            DatabaseContext::create(), false));
+    }
+
+    // Missing grid
+    {
+        auto transformation = Transformation::createNTv2(
+            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4807, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+            "foo.gsb", std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
+            DatabaseContext::create(), false));
+    }
+
+    // Unsupported method
+    {
+        auto transformation = Transformation::create(
+            PropertyMap(), GeographicCRS::EPSG_4269, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326,
+            nullptr, OperationMethod::create(
+                         PropertyMap(), std::vector<OperationParameterNNPtr>{}),
+            std::vector<GeneralParameterValueNNPtr>{},
+            std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr>{});
+        EXPECT_FALSE(transformation->isPROJInstantiable(
+            DatabaseContext::create(), false));
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, createOperation_on_crs_with_canonical_bound_crs) {
+    auto boundCRS = BoundCRS::createFromTOWGS84(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4267, std::vector<double>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7});
+    auto crs = boundCRS->baseCRSWithCanonicalBoundCRS();
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            crs, GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(op->isEquivalentTo(boundCRS->transformation().get()));
+        {
+            auto wkt1 = op->exportToWKT(
+                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
+                    .get());
+            auto wkt2 = boundCRS->transformation()->exportToWKT(
+                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
+                    .get());
+            EXPECT_EQ(wkt1, wkt2);
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, crs);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(
+            op->isEquivalentTo(boundCRS->transformation()->inverse().get()));
+        {
+            auto wkt1 = op->exportToWKT(
+                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
+                    .get());
+            auto wkt2 = boundCRS->transformation()->inverse()->exportToWKT(
+                WKTFormatter::create(WKTFormatter::Convention::WKT2_2019)
+                    .get());
+            EXPECT_EQ(wkt1, wkt2);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings) {
+    auto objDest = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +geoc +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
+    auto dest = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<GeographicCRS>(objDest);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dest != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326, NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dest));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=longlat +geoc +datum=WGS84 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_with_datum_to_projliteral) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 "
+              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_proj_NAD83_to_projliteral) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=GRS80 "
+              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_geog_NAD83_to_projliteral) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_with_nadgrids_to_projliteral) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +ellps=clrk66 +nadgrids=@conus "
+              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation,
+     createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_projliteral_to_projliteral) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +over +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline "
+              "+step +inv +proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=NAD27 +over "
+              "+step +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +over "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(
+    operation,
+    createOperation_fallback_to_proj4_strings_regular_to_projliteral_with_towgs84) {
+    auto objSrc =
+        createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326", DatabaseContext::create(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=1,2,3 +over +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 "
+              "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+              "+step +proj=utm +zone=31 +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=1,2,3 +over");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, createOperation_on_crs_with_bound_crs_and_wktext) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=55 +south +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 "
+        "+units=m +no_defs +nadgrids=@GDA94_GDA2020_conformal.gsb +ignored1 "
+        "+ignored2=val +wktext +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=utm +zone=55 +south +ellps=GRS80 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 "
+        "+units=m +no_defs +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+        NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+              "+proj=pipeline +step +inv +proj=utm +zone=55 +south "
+              "+ellps=GRS80 +step +proj=hgridshift "
+              "+grids=@GDA94_GDA2020_conformal.gsb +step +proj=utm +zone=55 "
+              "+south +ellps=GRS80");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, createOperation_ossfuzz_18587) {
+    auto objSrc =
+        createFromUserInput("EPSG:4326", DatabaseContext::create(), false);
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+
+    // Extremely weird string ! We should likely reject it
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "type=crs proj=pipeline step proj=merc vunits=m nadgrids=@x "
+        "proj=\"\nproj=pipeline step\n\"");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    // Just check that we don't go into an infinite recursion
+    try {
+        CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+    } catch (const std::exception &) {
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(operation, derivedGeographicCRS_with_to_wgs84_to_geographicCRS) {
+    auto objSrc = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=latlon +lat_0=0 +lon_0=180 +o_lat_p=18.0 "
+        "+o_lon_p=-200.0 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=1,2,3 +type=crs");
+    auto src = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objSrc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(src != nullptr);
+    auto objDst = PROJStringParser().createFromPROJString(
+        "+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +type=crs");
+    auto dst = nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<CRS>(objDst);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dst != nullptr);
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        std::string pipeline(
+            "+proj=pipeline "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +inv +proj=ob_tran +o_proj=latlon +lat_0=0 +lon_0=180 "
+            "+o_lat_p=18 +o_lon_p=-200 +ellps=WGS84 "
+            "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+            "+step +proj=helmert +x=1 +y=2 +z=3 "
+            "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+            "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  pipeline);
+
+        auto op2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src),
+            nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op2 != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  pipeline + " +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1");
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto op = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(dst), NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op != nullptr);
+        std::string pipeline(
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=deg +xy_out=rad "
+            "+step +proj=push +v_3 "
+            "+step +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+            "+step +proj=helmert +x=-1 +y=-2 +z=-3 "
+            "+step +inv +proj=cart +ellps=WGS84 "
+            "+step +proj=pop +v_3 "
+            "+step +proj=ob_tran +o_proj=latlon +lat_0=0 +lon_0=180 "
+            "+o_lat_p=18 +o_lon_p=-200 +ellps=WGS84 "
+            "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg");
+        EXPECT_EQ(op->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline " + pipeline);
+
+        auto op2 = CoordinateOperationFactory::create()->createOperation(
+            nn_static_pointer_cast<CRS>(GeographicCRS::EPSG_4326),
+            NN_CHECK_ASSERT(src));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(op2 != nullptr);
+        EXPECT_EQ(op2->exportToPROJString(PROJStringFormatter::create().get()),
+                  "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=axisswap +order=2,1 " + pipeline);
+    }
+}