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-.. _proj:
-
-================================================================================
-proj
-================================================================================
-
-.. only:: html
-
- Cartographic projection filter.
-
-.. Index:: proj
-
-Synopsis
-********
- **proj** [ **-bceEfiIlmorsStTvVwW** ] [ args ] ] [ *+args* ] file[s]
-
- **invproj** [ **-bceEfiIlmorsStTwW** ] [ args ] ] [ *+args* ] file[s]
-
-
-Description
-***********
-:program:`proj` and :program:`invproj` perform respective forward and inverse
-transformation of cartographic data to or from cartesian data with a wide
-range of selectable projection functions.
-
-:program:`invproj` may not be available on all platforms; in this case
-use :option:`proj -I` instead.
-
-The following control parameters can appear in any order
-
-.. program:: proj
-
-.. option:: -b
-
- Special option for binary coordinate data input and output through standard
- input and standard output. Data is assumed to be in system type double
- floating point words. This option is to be used when proj is a son process
- and allows bypassing formatting operations.
-
-.. option:: -i
-
- Selects binary input only (see :option:`-b`).
-
-.. option:: -I
-
- alternate method to specify inverse projection. Redundant when used with
- invproj.
-
-.. option:: -o
-
- Selects binary output only (see :option:`-b`).
-
-.. option:: -t<a>
-
- *a* specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a
- control line to be passed through without processing. This option
- applicable to ascii input only. (# is the default value).
-
-.. option:: -e <string>
-
- String is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is detected during
- data transformations. The default value is: *\t*. Note that if the
- :option:`-b`, :option:`-i` or :option:`-o` options are employed, an error
- is returned as HUGE_VAL value for both return values.
-
-.. option:: -E
-
- causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line prior to
- printing the converted values.
-
-.. option:: -l<[=id]>
-
- List projection identifiers that can be selected with *+proj*. ``proj -l=id``
- gives expanded description of projection id, e.g. ``proj -l=merc``.
-
-.. option:: -lp
-
- List of all projection id that can be used with the *+proj* parameter.
- Equivalent to ``proj -l``.
-
-.. option:: -lP
-
- Expanded description of all projections that can be used with the *+proj*
- parameter.
-
-.. option:: -le
-
- List of all ellipsoids that can be selected with the *+ellps* parameters.
-
-.. option:: -lu
-
- List of all distance units that can be selected with the *+units* parameter.
-
-.. option:: -ld
-
- List of datums that can be selected with the *+datum* parameter.
-
-
-.. option:: -r
-
- This options reverses the order of the expected input from
- longitude-latitude or x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.
-
-.. option:: -s
-
- This options reverses the order of the output from x-y or longitude-latitude
- to y-x or latitude-longitude.
-
-.. option:: -S
-
- Causes estimation of meridional and parallel scale factors, area scale
- factor and angular distortion, and maximum and minimum scale factors to be
- listed between <> for each input point. For conformal projections meridional
- and parallel scales factors will be equal and angular distortion zero. Equal
- area projections will have an area factor of 1.
-
-.. option:: -m <mult>
-
- The cartesian data may be scaled by the mult parameter. When processing data
- in a forward projection mode the cartesian output values are multiplied by
- mult otherwise the input cartesian values are divided by mult before inverse
- projection. If the first two characters of mult are 1/ or 1: then the
- reciprocal value of mult is employed.
-
-.. option:: -f <format>
-
- Format is a printf format string to control the form of the output values.
- For inverse projections, the output will be in degrees when this option is
- employed. The default format is "%.2f" for forward projection and DMS for
- inverse.
-
-.. option:: -[w|W]<n>
-
- N is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
- output (when the option is not specified, ``-w3`` is assumed). When ``-W``
- is employed the fields will be constant width and with leading zeroes.
-
-.. option:: -v
-
- causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for and used by
- the program to be printed prior to input data. Should not be used with the
- :option:`-T` option.
-
-.. option:: -V
-
- This option causes an expanded annotated listing of the characteristics of
- the projected point. :option:`-v` is implied with this option.
-
-.. option:: -T <ulow,uhi,vlow,vhi,res[,umax,vmax]>
-
- This option creates a set of bivariate Chebyshev polynomial coefficients
- that approximate the selected cartographic projection on stdout. The values
- low and hi denote the range of the input where the u or v prefixes apply to
- respective longitude-x or latitude-y depending upon whether a forward or
- inverse projection is selected. Res is an integer number specifying the
- power of 10 precision of the approximation. For example, a res of -3
- specifies an approximation with an accuracy better than .001. Umax, and vmax
- specify maximum degree of the polynomials (default: 15).
-
-
-
-The *+args* run-line arguments are associated with cartographic parameters.
-Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two auxiliary
-control files: the first is optionally referenced with the
-*+init=file:id* and the second is always processed after the name of the
-projection has been established from either the run-line or the contents of
-+init file. The environment parameter :envvar:`PROJ_LIB` establishes the
-default directory for a file reference without an absolute path. This is
-also used for supporting files like datum shift files.
-
-.. only:: html
-
- Usage of *+args* varies with projection and for a complete description
- consult the :ref:`projection pages <projections>`.
-
-
-One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify the source of
-data to be transformed. A ``-`` will specify the location of processing standard
-input. If no files are specified, the input is assumed to be from stdin.
-For ASCII input data the two data values must be in the first two white space
-separated fields and when both input and output are ASCII all trailing
-portions of the input line are appended to the output line.
-
-Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS format and input
-cartesian data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid major axis or
-sphere radius units. Output geographic coordinates will be in DMS (if the
-``-w`` switch is not employed) and precise to 0.001" with trailing, zero-valued
-minute-second fields deleted.
-
-Example
-*******
-The following script
-
-.. code-block:: console
-
- proj +proj=utm +lon_0=112w +ellps=clrk66
- -r <<EOF
- 45d15'33.1" 111.5W
- 45d15.551666667N -111d30
- +45.25919444444 111d30'000w
- EOF
-
-will perform UTM forward projection with a standard UTM central meridian
-nearest longitude 112W. The geographic values of this example are equivalent
-and meant as examples of various forms of DMS input. The x-y output
-data will appear as three lines of::
-
- 460769.27 5011648.45
-
-.. only:: man
-
- Other programs
- **************
-
- The :program:`proj` program is limited to converting between geographic and
- projected coordinates within one datum.
-
- The :program:`cs2cs` program operates similarly, but allows translation
- between any paor of definable coordinate reference systems, including
- support for datum translation.
-
- See also
- ********
-
- **cs2cs(1)**, **cct(1)**, **geod(1)**, **gie(1)**
-
- Bugs
- ****
-
- A list of know bugs can be found at http://github.com/OSGeo/proj.4/issues
- where new bug reports can be submitted to.
-
- Home page
- *********
-
- http://proj4.org/