Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg into qt5_modular

52 files changed, 704 insertions, 648 deletions

diff --git a/toolsrc/include/CStringView.h b/toolsrc/include/CStringView.h
deleted file mode 100644
index c1810b4f1..000000000
--- a/toolsrc/include/CStringView.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-#include <string>
-
-namespace vcpkg
-{
-    template<class CharType>
-    struct BasicCStringView
-    {
-        constexpr BasicCStringView() : cstr(nullptr) {}
-        constexpr BasicCStringView(const CharType* cstr) : cstr(cstr) {}
-        constexpr BasicCStringView(const BasicCStringView&) = default;
-        BasicCStringView(const std::basic_string<CharType>& str) : cstr(str.c_str()) {}
-
-        constexpr const CharType* c_str() const { return cstr; }
-
-    private:
-        const CharType* cstr;
-    };
-
-    namespace details
-    {
-        inline bool vcpkg_strcmp(const char* l, const char* r) { return strcmp(l, r) == 0; }
-        inline bool vcpkg_strcmp(const wchar_t* l, const wchar_t* r) { return wcscmp(l, r) == 0; }
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator==(const BasicCStringView<CharType>& l, const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r)
-    {
-        return details::vcpkg_strcmp(l.c_str(), r.c_str());
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator==(const CharType* l, const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r)
-    {
-        return details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str());
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator==(const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r, const CharType* l)
-    {
-        return details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str());
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator==(const std::basic_string<CharType>& l, const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r)
-    {
-        return l == r.c_str();
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator==(const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r, const std::basic_string<CharType>& l)
-    {
-        return l == r.c_str();
-    }
-
-    // notequals
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator!=(const BasicCStringView<CharType>& l, const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r)
-    {
-        return !details::vcpkg_strcmp(l.c_str(), r.c_str());
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator!=(const CharType* l, const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r)
-    {
-        return !details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str());
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator!=(const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r, const CharType* l)
-    {
-        return !details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str());
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator!=(const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r, const std::basic_string<CharType>& l)
-    {
-        return l != r.c_str();
-    }
-
-    template<class CharType>
-    bool operator!=(const std::basic_string<CharType>& l, const BasicCStringView<CharType>& r)
-    {
-        return l != r.c_str();
-    }
-
-    using CStringView = BasicCStringView<char>;
-    using CWStringView = BasicCStringView<wchar_t>;
-
-    inline const char* to_printf_arg(const CStringView string_view) { return string_view.c_str(); }
-
-    inline const wchar_t* to_wprintf_arg(const CWStringView string_view) { return string_view.c_str(); }
-
-    static_assert(sizeof(CStringView) == sizeof(void*), "CStringView must be a simple wrapper around char*");
-    static_assert(sizeof(CWStringView) == sizeof(void*), "CWStringView must be a simple wrapper around wchar_t*");
-}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/Span.h b/toolsrc/include/Span.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a43e8f992..000000000
--- a/toolsrc/include/Span.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once

-

-#include <array>

-#include <cstddef>

-#include <initializer_list>

-#include <vector>

-

-template<class T>

-struct Span

-{

-public:

-    using element_type = T;

-    using pointer = T*;

-    using reference = T&;

-    using iterator = T*;

-

-    constexpr Span() noexcept : m_ptr(nullptr), m_count(0) {}

-    constexpr Span(std::nullptr_t) noexcept : Span() {}

-    constexpr Span(T* ptr, size_t count) noexcept : m_ptr(ptr), m_count(count) {}

-    constexpr Span(T* ptr_begin, T* ptr_end) noexcept : m_ptr(ptr_begin), m_count(ptr_end - ptr_begin) {}

-    constexpr Span(std::initializer_list<T> l) noexcept : m_ptr(l.begin()), m_count(l.size()) {}

-

-    template<size_t N>

-    constexpr Span(T (&arr)[N]) noexcept : Span(arr, N)

-    {

-    }

-

-    Span(std::vector<T>& v) noexcept : Span(v.data(), v.size()) {}

-    Span(const std::vector<std::remove_const_t<T>>& v) noexcept : Span(v.data(), v.size()) {}

-

-    constexpr iterator begin() const { return m_ptr; }

-    constexpr iterator end() const { return m_ptr + m_count; }

-

-    constexpr reference operator[](size_t i) const { return m_ptr[i]; }

-    constexpr size_t size() const { return m_count; }

-

-private:

-    pointer m_ptr;

-    size_t m_count;

-};

-

-template<class T>

-Span<T> make_span(std::vector<T>& v)

-{

-    return {v.data(), v.size()};

-}

-

-template<class T>

-Span<const T> make_span(const std::vector<T>& v)

-{

-    return {v.data(), v.size()};

-}

diff --git a/toolsrc/include/filesystem_fs.h b/toolsrc/include/filesystem_fs.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0651ebf25..000000000
--- a/toolsrc/include/filesystem_fs.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <filesystem>
-
-namespace fs
-{
-    namespace stdfs = std::experimental::filesystem;
-
-    using stdfs::path;
-    using stdfs::copy_options;
-    using stdfs::file_status;
-
-    inline bool is_regular_file(file_status s) { return stdfs::is_regular_file(s); }
-    inline bool is_directory(file_status s) { return stdfs::is_directory(s); }
-    inline bool status_known(file_status s) { return stdfs::status_known(s); }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/pch.h b/toolsrc/include/pch.h
index 0f34063f8..5c31fbbd1 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/pch.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/pch.h
@@ -1,10 +1,22 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#if defined(_WIN32)
 #define NOMINMAX
 #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+
 #pragma warning(suppress : 4768)
 #include <windows.h>
 
+#pragma warning(suppress : 4768)
+#include <Shlobj.h>
+
+#include <process.h>
+#include <shellapi.h>
+#include <winhttp.h>
+#else
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <atomic>
@@ -15,7 +27,12 @@
 #include <cstdarg>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#if defined(_WIN32)
 #include <filesystem>
+#else
+#include <experimental/filesystem>
+#endif
+#include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <functional>
 #include <iomanip>
@@ -24,22 +41,17 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <process.h>
 #include <regex>
 #include <set>
-#include <shellapi.h>
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4768)
-#include <Shlobj.h>
-#pragma warning(pop)
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <sys/timeb.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <system_error>
+#include <thread>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
-#include <winhttp.h>
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Checks.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/checks.h
index ce486ac19..fb162c897 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Checks.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/checks.h
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "LineInfo.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Strings.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/cstringview.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/lineinfo.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/strings.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg::Checks
 {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Chrono.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/chrono.h
index c14019ff9..b525852f2 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Chrono.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/chrono.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace vcpkg
+namespace vcpkg::Chrono
 {
     class ElapsedTime
     {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/coff_file_reader.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/cofffilereader.h
index 7287211a1..ad2cc7b12 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/coff_file_reader.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/cofffilereader.h
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "MachineType.h"
-#include "filesystem_fs.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/files.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/machinetype.h>
+
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace vcpkg::CoffFileReader
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/cstringview.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/cstringview.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..342455402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/cstringview.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace vcpkg
+{
+    struct CStringView
+    {
+        constexpr CStringView() : cstr(nullptr) {}
+        constexpr CStringView(const char* cstr) : cstr(cstr) {}
+        constexpr CStringView(const CStringView&) = default;
+        CStringView(const std::string& str) : cstr(str.c_str()) {}
+
+        constexpr const char* c_str() const { return cstr; }
+
+    private:
+        const char* cstr;
+    };
+
+    struct CWStringView
+    {
+        constexpr CWStringView() : cstr(nullptr) {}
+        constexpr CWStringView(const wchar_t* cstr) : cstr(cstr) {}
+        constexpr CWStringView(const CWStringView&) = default;
+        CWStringView(const std::wstring& str) : cstr(str.c_str()) {}
+
+        constexpr const wchar_t* c_str() const { return cstr; }
+
+    private:
+        const wchar_t* cstr;
+    };
+
+    namespace details
+    {
+        inline bool vcpkg_strcmp(const char* l, const char* r) { return strcmp(l, r) == 0; }
+    }
+
+    inline bool operator==(const CStringView& l, const CStringView& r)
+    {
+        return details::vcpkg_strcmp(l.c_str(), r.c_str());
+    }
+
+    inline bool operator==(const char* l, const CStringView& r) { return details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str()); }
+
+    inline bool operator==(const CStringView& r, const char* l) { return details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str()); }
+
+    inline bool operator==(const std::string& l, const CStringView& r) { return l == r.c_str(); }
+
+    inline bool operator==(const CStringView& r, const std::string& l) { return l == r.c_str(); }
+
+    // notequals
+    inline bool operator!=(const CStringView& l, const CStringView& r)
+    {
+        return !details::vcpkg_strcmp(l.c_str(), r.c_str());
+    }
+
+    inline bool operator!=(const char* l, const CStringView& r) { return !details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str()); }
+
+    inline bool operator!=(const CStringView& r, const char* l) { return !details::vcpkg_strcmp(l, r.c_str()); }
+
+    inline bool operator!=(const CStringView& r, const std::string& l) { return l != r.c_str(); }
+
+    inline bool operator!=(const std::string& l, const CStringView& r) { return l != r.c_str(); }
+
+    inline const char* to_printf_arg(const CStringView string_view) { return string_view.c_str(); }
+
+    static_assert(sizeof(CStringView) == sizeof(void*), "CStringView must be a simple wrapper around char*");
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Enums.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/enums.h
index c75feaa1f..6eca2cfe1 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Enums.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/enums.h
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "LineInfo.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/lineinfo.h>
+
 #include <string>
 
 namespace vcpkg::Enums
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_expected.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/expected.h
index 9637ec087..b3b81ae81 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_expected.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/expected.h
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "vcpkg_Checks.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/checks.h>
+
 #include <system_error>
 
 namespace vcpkg
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
         ErrorHolder() = default;
         ErrorHolder(const std::error_code& err) : m_err(err) {}
 
-        constexpr bool has_error() const { return bool(m_err); }
+        bool has_error() const { return bool(m_err); }
 
         const std::error_code& error() const { return m_err; }
         std::error_code& error() { return m_err; }
@@ -71,13 +72,13 @@ namespace vcpkg
             return std::move(this->m_t);
         }
 
-        const T& value_or_exit(const LineInfo& line_info) const &
+        const T& value_or_exit(const LineInfo& line_info) const&
         {
             exit_if_error(line_info);
             return this->m_t;
         }
 
-        const S& error() const & { return this->m_s.error(); }
+        const S& error() const& { return this->m_s.error(); }
 
         S&& error() && { return std::move(this->m_s.error()); }
 
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Files.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/files.h
index 855e8ea45..63cf3c6fd 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Files.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/files.h
@@ -1,11 +1,29 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "filesystem_fs.h"
-#include "vcpkg_expected.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/expected.h>
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include <filesystem>
+#else
+#include <experimental/filesystem>
+#endif
+
+namespace fs
+{
+    namespace stdfs = std::experimental::filesystem;
+
+    using stdfs::copy_options;
+    using stdfs::file_status;
+    using stdfs::path;
+
+    inline bool is_regular_file(file_status s) { return stdfs::is_regular_file(s); }
+    inline bool is_directory(file_status s) { return stdfs::is_directory(s); }
+    inline bool status_known(file_status s) { return stdfs::status_known(s); }
+}
 
 namespace vcpkg::Files
 {
-    __interface Filesystem
+    struct Filesystem
     {
         virtual Expected<std::string> read_contents(const fs::path& file_path) const = 0;
         virtual Expected<std::vector<std::string>> read_lines(const fs::path& file_path) const = 0;
@@ -26,8 +44,10 @@ namespace vcpkg::Files
         virtual bool create_directory(const fs::path& path, std::error_code& ec) = 0;
         virtual bool create_directories(const fs::path& path, std::error_code& ec) = 0;
         virtual void copy(const fs::path& oldpath, const fs::path& newpath, fs::copy_options opts) = 0;
-        virtual bool copy_file(
-            const fs::path& oldpath, const fs::path& newpath, fs::copy_options opts, std::error_code& ec) = 0;
+        virtual bool copy_file(const fs::path& oldpath,
+                               const fs::path& newpath,
+                               fs::copy_options opts,
+                               std::error_code& ec) = 0;
         virtual fs::file_status status(const fs::path& path, std::error_code& ec) const = 0;
     };
 
@@ -39,5 +59,5 @@ namespace vcpkg::Files
 
     void print_paths(const std::vector<fs::path>& paths);
 
-    std::vector<fs::path> find_from_PATH(const std::wstring& name);
+    std::vector<fs::path> find_from_PATH(const std::string& name);
 }
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Graphs.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/graphs.h
index 13c0a7136..b585d2bb9 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Graphs.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/graphs.h
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 
+#include <vcpkg/base/checks.h>
+
 namespace vcpkg::Graphs
 {
     enum class ExplorationStatus
@@ -18,11 +20,11 @@ namespace vcpkg::Graphs
     };
 
     template<class V, class U>
-    __interface AdjacencyProvider
+    struct AdjacencyProvider
     {
-        std::vector<V> adjacency_list(const U& vertex) const;
+        virtual std::vector<V> adjacency_list(const U& vertex) const = 0;
 
-        U load_vertex_data(const V& vertex) const;
+        virtual U load_vertex_data(const V& vertex) const = 0;
     };
 
     template<class V, class U>
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/lazy.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/lazy.h
index 58c11c002..58c11c002 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/lazy.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/lazy.h
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/LineInfo.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/lineinfo.h
index 62973462a..62973462a 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/LineInfo.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/lineinfo.h
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/MachineType.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/machinetype.h
index 6f61bbd53..b85cdbb0b 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/MachineType.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/machinetype.h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
+
 #include <cstdint>
 
 namespace vcpkg
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_optional.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/optional.h
index 31a2d3e88..ff7a210c7 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_optional.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/optional.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "vcpkg_Checks.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/checks.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
             return std::move(this->m_t);
         }
 
-        const T& value_or_exit(const LineInfo& line_info) const &
+        const T& value_or_exit(const LineInfo& line_info) const&
         {
             this->exit_if_null(line_info);
             return this->m_t;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
         constexpr bool has_value() const { return m_is_present; }
 
         template<class U>
-        T value_or(U&& default_value) const &
+        T value_or(U&& default_value) const&
         {
             return bool(*this) ? this->m_t : static_cast<T>(std::forward<U>(default_value));
         }
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/SortedVector.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/sortedvector.h
index 62808cc2f..62808cc2f 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/SortedVector.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/sortedvector.h
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/span.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/span.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6be546351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/span.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#pragma once

+

+#include <array>

+#include <cstddef>

+#include <initializer_list>

+#include <vector>

+

+namespace vcpkg

+{

+    template<class T>

+    struct Span

+    {

+    public:

+        using element_type = T;

+        using pointer = T*;

+        using reference = T&;

+        using iterator = T*;

+

+        constexpr Span() noexcept : m_ptr(nullptr), m_count(0) {}

+        constexpr Span(std::nullptr_t) noexcept : Span() {}

+        constexpr Span(T* ptr, size_t count) noexcept : m_ptr(ptr), m_count(count) {}

+        constexpr Span(T* ptr_begin, T* ptr_end) noexcept : m_ptr(ptr_begin), m_count(ptr_end - ptr_begin) {}

+        constexpr Span(std::initializer_list<T> l) noexcept : m_ptr(l.begin()), m_count(l.size()) {}

+

+        template<size_t N>

+        constexpr Span(T (&arr)[N]) noexcept : Span(arr, N)

+        {

+        }

+

+        template<size_t N>

+        constexpr Span(const std::array<std::remove_const_t<T>, N>& arr) noexcept : Span(arr.data(), arr.size())

+        {

+        }

+

+        Span(std::vector<T>& v) noexcept : Span(v.data(), v.size()) {}

+        Span(const std::vector<std::remove_const_t<T>>& v) noexcept : Span(v.data(), v.size()) {}

+

+        constexpr iterator begin() const { return m_ptr; }

+        constexpr iterator end() const { return m_ptr + m_count; }

+

+        constexpr reference operator[](size_t i) const { return m_ptr[i]; }

+        constexpr size_t size() const { return m_count; }

+

+    private:

+        pointer m_ptr;

+        size_t m_count;

+    };

+

+    template<class T>

+    Span<T> make_span(std::vector<T>& v)

+    {

+        return {v.data(), v.size()};

+    }

+

+    template<class T>

+    Span<const T> make_span(const std::vector<T>& v)

+    {

+        return {v.data(), v.size()};

+    }

+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Strings.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/strings.h
index c44ce2b99..d263e3b6b 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Strings.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/strings.h
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "CStringView.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/cstringview.h>
+
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace vcpkg::Strings::details
@@ -15,30 +16,17 @@ namespace vcpkg::Strings::details
 
     inline const char* to_printf_arg(const char* s) { return s; }
 
-    inline int to_printf_arg(const int s) { return s; }
-
-    inline long long to_printf_arg(const long long s) { return s; }
-
-    inline unsigned long to_printf_arg(const unsigned long s) { return s; }
-
-    inline size_t to_printf_arg(const size_t s) { return s; }
-
-    inline double to_printf_arg(const double s) { return s; }
+    template<class T, class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>>
+    T to_printf_arg(T s)
+    {
+        return s;
+    }
 
     std::string format_internal(const char* fmtstr, ...);
-
-    inline const wchar_t* to_wprintf_arg(const std::wstring& s) { return s.c_str(); }
-
-    inline const wchar_t* to_wprintf_arg(const wchar_t* s) { return s; }
-
-    std::wstring wformat_internal(const wchar_t* fmtstr, ...);
 }
 
 namespace vcpkg::Strings
 {
-    static constexpr const char* EMPTY = "";
-    static constexpr const wchar_t* WEMPTY = L"";
-
     template<class... Args>
     std::string format(const char* fmtstr, const Args&... args)
     {
@@ -46,39 +34,32 @@ namespace vcpkg::Strings
         return details::format_internal(fmtstr, to_printf_arg(to_printf_arg(args))...);
     }
 
-    template<class... Args>
-    std::wstring wformat(const wchar_t* fmtstr, const Args&... args)
-    {
-        using vcpkg::Strings::details::to_wprintf_arg;
-        return details::wformat_internal(fmtstr, to_wprintf_arg(to_wprintf_arg(args))...);
-    }
-
-    std::wstring to_utf16(const CStringView s);
+    std::wstring to_utf16(const CStringView& s);
 
-    std::string to_utf8(const CWStringView w);
+    std::string to_utf8(const CWStringView& w);
 
     std::string::const_iterator case_insensitive_ascii_find(const std::string& s, const std::string& pattern);
 
     bool case_insensitive_ascii_contains(const std::string& s, const std::string& pattern);
 
-    int case_insensitive_ascii_compare(const CStringView left, const CStringView right);
+    bool case_insensitive_ascii_equals(const CStringView left, const CStringView right);
 
     std::string ascii_to_lowercase(const std::string& input);
 
     bool case_insensitive_ascii_starts_with(const std::string& s, const std::string& pattern);
 
-    template<class Container, class Transformer, class CharType>
-    std::basic_string<CharType> join(const CharType* delimiter, const Container& v, Transformer transformer)
+    template<class Container, class Transformer>
+    std::string join(const char* delimiter, const Container& v, Transformer transformer)
     {
         const auto begin = v.begin();
         const auto end = v.end();
 
         if (begin == end)
         {
-            return std::basic_string<CharType>();
+            return std::string();
         }
 
-        std::basic_string<CharType> output;
+        std::string output;
         output.append(transformer(*begin));
         for (auto it = std::next(begin); it != end; ++it)
         {
@@ -88,8 +69,8 @@ namespace vcpkg::Strings
 
         return output;
     }
-    template<class Container, class CharType>
-    std::basic_string<CharType> join(const CharType* delimiter, const Container& v)
+    template<class Container>
+    std::string join(const char* delimiter, const Container& v)
     {
         using Element = decltype(*v.begin());
         return join(delimiter, v, [](const Element& x) -> const Element& { return x; });
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_System.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/system.h
index 65f80ae6d..b396ef293 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_System.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/system.h
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "filesystem_fs.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Strings.h"
-#include "vcpkg_optional.h"
-#include <Windows.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/files.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/optional.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/strings.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg::System
 {
@@ -17,13 +16,13 @@ namespace vcpkg::System
         std::string output;
     };
 
-    int cmd_execute_clean(const CWStringView cmd_line);
+    int cmd_execute_clean(const CStringView cmd_line);
 
-    int cmd_execute(const CWStringView cmd_line);
+    int cmd_execute(const CStringView cmd_line);
 
-    ExitCodeAndOutput cmd_execute_and_capture_output(const CWStringView cmd_line);
+    ExitCodeAndOutput cmd_execute_and_capture_output(const CStringView cmd_line);
 
-    std::wstring create_powershell_script_cmd(const fs::path& script_path, const CWStringView args = Strings::WEMPTY);
+    std::string create_powershell_script_cmd(const fs::path& script_path, const CStringView args = "");
 
     enum class Color
     {
@@ -62,9 +61,9 @@ namespace vcpkg::System
         return System::println(c, Strings::format(messageTemplate, messageArg1, messageArgs...));
     }
 
-    Optional<std::wstring> get_environment_variable(const CWStringView varname) noexcept;
+    Optional<std::string> get_environment_variable(const CStringView varname) noexcept;
 
-    Optional<std::wstring> get_registry_string(HKEY base, const CWStringView subkey, const CWStringView valuename);
+    Optional<std::string> get_registry_string(void* base_hkey, const CStringView subkey, const CStringView valuename);
 
     enum class CPUArchitecture
     {
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ namespace vcpkg::System
         ARM64,
     };
 
-    Optional<CPUArchitecture> to_cpu_architecture(CStringView arch);
+    Optional<CPUArchitecture> to_cpu_architecture(const CStringView& arch);
 
     CPUArchitecture get_host_processor();
 
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Util.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/util.h
index facb7dd26..d5db6b6ee 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Util.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/base/util.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <map>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <utility>
@@ -7,6 +8,18 @@
 
 namespace vcpkg::Util
 {
+    template<class Container>
+    using ElementT = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(*begin(std::declval<Container>()))>;
+
+    namespace Vectors
+    {
+        template<class Container, class T = ElementT<Container>>
+        void concatenate(std::vector<T>* augend, const Container& addend)
+        {
+            augend->insert(augend->end(), addend.begin(), addend.end());
+        }
+    }
+
     template<class Cont, class Func>
     using FmapOut = decltype(std::declval<Func>()(*begin(std::declval<Cont>())));
 
@@ -56,20 +69,21 @@ namespace vcpkg::Util
     }
 
     template<class Container, class V>
-    auto find(const Container& cont, V&& v)
+    auto find(Container&& cont, V&& v)
     {
-        return std::find(cont.cbegin(), cont.cend(), v);
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+        return std::find(begin(cont), end(cont), v);
     }
 
     template<class Container, class Pred>
-    auto find_if(const Container& cont, Pred pred)
+    auto find_if(Container&& cont, Pred pred)
     {
-        return std::find_if(cont.cbegin(), cont.cend(), pred);
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+        return std::find_if(begin(cont), end(cont), pred);
     }
 
-    template<class Container>
-    using ElementT = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(*begin(std::declval<Container>()))>;
-
     template<class Container, class T = ElementT<Container>>
     std::vector<T*> element_pointers(Container&& cont)
     {
@@ -77,13 +91,15 @@ namespace vcpkg::Util
     }
 
     template<class Container, class Pred>
-    auto find_if_not(const Container& cont, Pred pred)
+    auto find_if_not(Container&& cont, Pred pred)
     {
-        return std::find_if_not(cont.cbegin(), cont.cend(), pred);
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+        return std::find_if_not(begin(cont), end(cont), pred);
     }
 
     template<class K, class V, class Container, class Func>
-    void group_by(const Container& cont, std::map<K, std::vector<const V*>>* output, Func f)
+    void group_by(const Container& cont, std::map<K, std::vector<const V*>>* output, Func&& f)
     {
         for (const V& element : cont)
         {
@@ -92,6 +108,12 @@ namespace vcpkg::Util
         }
     }
 
+    template<class AssocContainer, class K = std::decay_t<decltype(begin(std::declval<AssocContainer>())->first)>>
+    std::vector<K> extract_keys(AssocContainer&& input_map)
+    {
+        return fmap(input_map, [](auto&& p) { return p.first; });
+    }
+
     struct MoveOnlyBase
     {
         MoveOnlyBase() = default;
@@ -141,4 +163,4 @@ namespace vcpkg::Util
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> m_lock;
         T& m_ptr;
     };
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/BinaryParagraph.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h
index 61e03343a..7eb50a6d7 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/BinaryParagraph.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "PackageSpec.h"
-#include "SourceParagraph.h"
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
+#include <vcpkg/sourceparagraph.h>
+
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 namespace vcpkg
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Build.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/build.h
index 5ba675757..774e25922 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Build.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/build.h
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "CStringView.h"
-#include "PackageSpec.h"
-#include "StatusParagraphs.h"
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Files.h"
-#include "vcpkg_optional.h"
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
+#include <vcpkg/statusparagraphs.h>
+#include <vcpkg/triplet.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/cstringview.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/files.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/optional.h>
 
 #include <array>
 #include <map>
@@ -13,6 +16,16 @@
 
 namespace vcpkg::Build
 {
+    namespace Command
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const FullPackageSpec& full_spec,
+                              const fs::path& port_dir,
+                              const std::unordered_set<std::string>& options,
+                              const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
+    }
+
     enum class UseHeadVersion
     {
         NO = 0,
@@ -83,7 +96,7 @@ namespace vcpkg::Build
         Optional<fs::path> visual_studio_path;
     };
 
-    std::wstring make_build_env_cmd(const PreBuildInfo& pre_build_info, const Toolset& toolset);
+    std::string make_build_env_cmd(const PreBuildInfo& pre_build_info, const Toolset& toolset);
 
     struct ExtendedBuildResult
     {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/commands.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/commands.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e00812c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/commands.h
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vcpkg/build.h>
+#include <vcpkg/dependencies.h>
+#include <vcpkg/statusparagraphs.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
+#include <array>
+
+namespace vcpkg::Commands
+{
+    using CommandTypeA = void (*)(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args,
+                                  const VcpkgPaths& paths,
+                                  const Triplet& default_triplet);
+    using CommandTypeB = void (*)(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    using CommandTypeC = void (*)(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
+
+    namespace BuildExternal
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
+    }
+
+    namespace CI
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
+    }
+
+    namespace Env
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
+    }
+
+    namespace Create
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Edit
+    {
+        extern const CommandStructure COMMAND_STRUCTURE;
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace DependInfo
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Search
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace List
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Owns
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Cache
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Import
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Integrate
+    {
+        extern const char* const INTEGRATE_COMMAND_HELPSTRING;
+
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace PortsDiff
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Autocomplete
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    }
+
+    namespace Version
+    {
+        const std::string& version();
+        void warn_if_vcpkg_version_mismatch(const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
+    }
+
+    namespace Contact
+    {
+        const std::string& email();
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
+    }
+
+    namespace Hash
+    {
+        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
+    }
+
+    template<class T>
+    struct PackageNameAndFunction
+    {
+        std::string name;
+        T function;
+    };
+
+    Span<const PackageNameAndFunction<CommandTypeA>> get_available_commands_type_a();
+    Span<const PackageNameAndFunction<CommandTypeB>> get_available_commands_type_b();
+    Span<const PackageNameAndFunction<CommandTypeC>> get_available_commands_type_c();
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T find(const std::string& command_name, const std::vector<PackageNameAndFunction<T>> available_commands)
+    {
+        for (const PackageNameAndFunction<T>& cmd : available_commands)
+        {
+            if (cmd.name == command_name)
+            {
+                return cmd.function;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // not found
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Dependencies.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/dependencies.h
index d67122e48..585338ae2 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Dependencies.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/dependencies.h
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "PackageSpec.h"
-#include "StatusParagraphs.h"
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Graphs.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Util.h"
-#include "vcpkg_optional.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/graphs.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/optional.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/util.h>
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
+#include <vcpkg/statusparagraphs.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace vcpkg::Dependencies
@@ -113,7 +115,10 @@ namespace vcpkg::Dependencies
         RequestType request_type;
     };
 
-    __interface PortFileProvider { virtual const SourceControlFile& get_control_file(const std::string& spec) const; };
+    struct PortFileProvider
+    {
+        virtual const SourceControlFile& get_control_file(const std::string& spec) const = 0;
+    };
 
     struct MapPortFile : Util::ResourceBase, PortFileProvider
     {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/export.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/export.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3285e187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/export.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
+namespace vcpkg::Export
+{
+    void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
+
+    void export_integration_files(const fs::path& raw_exported_dir_path, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands_Export_IFW.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/export.ifw.h
index 7bee45eaf..d28a4436d 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands_Export_IFW.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/export.ifw.h
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Dependencies.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Files.h"
+#include <vcpkg/dependencies.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/files.h>
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace vcpkg::Commands::Export::IFW
+namespace vcpkg::Export::IFW
 {
     struct Options
     {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_GlobalState.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/globalstate.h
index 6522a25bf..7cea361cf 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_GlobalState.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/globalstate.h
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <atomic>
+#include <vcpkg/base/chrono.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/util.h>
 
-#include "vcpkg_Chrono.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Util.h"
+#include <atomic>
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
     struct GlobalState
     {
-        static Util::LockGuarded<ElapsedTime> timer;
+        static Util::LockGuarded<Chrono::ElapsedTime> timer;
         static std::atomic<bool> debugging;
         static std::atomic<bool> feature_packages;
 
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/help.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/help.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39ad6912d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/help.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace vcpkg::Help
+{
+    void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+
+    void help_topic_valid_triplet(const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+
+    void print_usage();
+
+    void print_example(const std::string& command_and_arguments);
+
+    std::string create_example_string(const std::string& command_and_arguments);
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Input.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/input.h
index fa568207a..621139427 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Input.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/input.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "PackageSpec.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg::Input
 {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/install.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/install.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db6055f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/install.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vcpkg/build.h>
+#include <vcpkg/dependencies.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace vcpkg::Install
+{
+    enum class KeepGoing
+    {
+        NO = 0,
+        YES
+    };
+
+    inline KeepGoing to_keep_going(const bool value) { return value ? KeepGoing::YES : KeepGoing::NO; }
+
+    enum class PrintSummary
+    {
+        NO = 0,
+        YES
+    };
+
+    inline PrintSummary to_print_summary(const bool value) { return value ? PrintSummary::YES : PrintSummary::NO; }
+
+    struct InstallDir
+    {
+        static InstallDir from_destination_root(const fs::path& destination_root,
+                                                const std::string& destination_subdirectory,
+                                                const fs::path& listfile);
+
+    private:
+        fs::path m_destination;
+        std::string m_destination_subdirectory;
+        fs::path m_listfile;
+
+    public:
+        const fs::path& destination() const;
+        const std::string& destination_subdirectory() const;
+        const fs::path& listfile() const;
+    };
+
+    Build::BuildResult perform_install_plan_action(const VcpkgPaths& paths,
+                                                   const Dependencies::InstallPlanAction& action,
+                                                   const Build::BuildPackageOptions& install_plan_options,
+                                                   StatusParagraphs& status_db);
+
+    enum class InstallResult
+    {
+        FILE_CONFLICTS,
+        SUCCESS,
+    };
+
+    void install_files_and_write_listfile(Files::Filesystem& fs, const fs::path& source_dir, const InstallDir& dirs);
+    InstallResult install_package(const VcpkgPaths& paths,
+                                  const BinaryControlFile& binary_paragraph,
+                                  StatusParagraphs* status_db);
+
+    void perform_and_exit_ex(const std::vector<Dependencies::AnyAction>& action_plan,
+                             const Build::BuildPackageOptions& install_plan_options,
+                             const KeepGoing keep_going,
+                             const PrintSummary print_summary,
+                             const VcpkgPaths& paths,
+                             StatusParagraphs& status_db);
+
+    extern const CommandStructure COMMAND_STRUCTURE;
+
+    void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/metrics.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/metrics.h
index 8eae426de..f73c636cf 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/metrics.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/metrics.h
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <string>
+#include <vcpkg/base/util.h>
 
-#include "vcpkg_Util.h"
+#include <string>
 
 namespace vcpkg::Metrics
 {
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ namespace vcpkg::Metrics
 
         void track_metric(const std::string& name, double value);
         void track_property(const std::string& name, const std::string& value);
-        void track_property(const std::string& name, const std::wstring& value);
 
         void upload(const std::string& payload);
         void flush();
@@ -23,6 +22,6 @@ namespace vcpkg::Metrics
 
     extern Util::LockGuarded<Metrics> g_metrics;
 
-    std::wstring get_SQM_user();
+    std::string get_SQM_user();
     bool get_compiled_metrics_enabled();
 }
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/PackageSpec.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/packagespec.h
index c5ce767f9..60c99782e 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/PackageSpec.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/packagespec.h
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "PackageSpecParseResult.h"
-#include "Triplet.h"
-#include "vcpkg_expected.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/expected.h>
+#include <vcpkg/packagespecparseresult.h>
+#include <vcpkg/triplet.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
@@ -76,20 +76,23 @@ namespace vcpkg
     bool operator!=(const PackageSpec& left, const PackageSpec& right);
 }
 
-template<>
-struct std::hash<vcpkg::PackageSpec>
+namespace std
 {
-    size_t operator()(const vcpkg::PackageSpec& value) const
+    template<>
+    struct hash<vcpkg::PackageSpec>
     {
-        size_t hash = 17;
-        hash = hash * 31 + std::hash<std::string>()(value.name());
-        hash = hash * 31 + std::hash<vcpkg::Triplet>()(value.triplet());
-        return hash;
-    }
-};
-
-template<>
-struct std::equal_to<vcpkg::PackageSpec>
-{
-    bool operator()(const vcpkg::PackageSpec& left, const vcpkg::PackageSpec& right) const { return left == right; }
-};
+        size_t operator()(const vcpkg::PackageSpec& value) const
+        {
+            size_t hash = 17;
+            hash = hash * 31 + std::hash<std::string>()(value.name());
+            hash = hash * 31 + std::hash<vcpkg::Triplet>()(value.triplet());
+            return hash;
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    struct equal_to<vcpkg::PackageSpec>
+    {
+        bool operator()(const vcpkg::PackageSpec& left, const vcpkg::PackageSpec& right) const { return left == right; }
+    };
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/PackageSpecParseResult.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/packagespecparseresult.h
index 1462b8073..dd91c9a67 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/PackageSpecParseResult.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/packagespecparseresult.h
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "vcpkg_expected.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/cstringview.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/expected.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
         ErrorHolder() : m_err(PackageSpecParseResult::SUCCESS) {}
         ErrorHolder(PackageSpecParseResult err) : m_err(err) {}
 
-        constexpr bool has_error() const { return m_err != PackageSpecParseResult::SUCCESS; }
+        bool has_error() const { return m_err != PackageSpecParseResult::SUCCESS; }
 
         const PackageSpecParseResult& error() const { return m_err; }
         PackageSpecParseResult& error() { return m_err; }
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/ParagraphParseResult.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/paragraphparseresult.h
index eaa7e6327..558715bbc 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/ParagraphParseResult.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/paragraphparseresult.h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
+
 #include <system_error>
 
 namespace vcpkg
@@ -25,8 +26,11 @@ namespace vcpkg
     ParagraphParseResult to_paragraph_parse_result(std::error_code ec);
 }
 
-// Enable implicit conversion to std::error_code
-template<>
-struct std::is_error_code_enum<vcpkg::ParagraphParseResult> : ::std::true_type
+namespace std
 {
-};
+    // Enable implicit conversion to std::error_code
+    template<>
+    struct is_error_code_enum<vcpkg::ParagraphParseResult> : ::std::true_type
+    {
+    };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/Paragraphs.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/paragraphs.h
index aae46f7da..c8dbea646 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/Paragraphs.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/paragraphs.h
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <map>
+#include <vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h>
+#include <vcpkg/parse.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+#include <vcpkg/versiont.h>
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/expected.h>
 
-#include "BinaryParagraph.h"
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
-#include "VersionT.h"
-#include "filesystem_fs.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Parse.h"
-#include "vcpkg_expected.h"
+#include <map>
 
 namespace vcpkg::Paragraphs
 {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Parse.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/parse.h
index 2dda033b3..4b33e302e 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Parse.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/parse.h
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <vcpkg/base/expected.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/optional.h>
+
 #include <memory>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-#include "vcpkg_expected.h"
-#include "vcpkg_optional.h"
-
 namespace vcpkg::Parse
 {
     struct ParseControlErrorInfo
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/PostBuildLint_BuildType.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/postbuildlint.buildtype.h
index 38ad3084e..ff651fd7a 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/PostBuildLint_BuildType.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/postbuildlint.buildtype.h
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "CStringView.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Build.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/cstringview.h>
+#include <vcpkg/build.h>
+
 #include <array>
 #include <regex>
 
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/PostBuildLint.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/postbuildlint.h
index 69fafc9f7..5dcfeb8df 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/PostBuildLint.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/postbuildlint.h
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "PackageSpec.h"
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Build.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/build.h>
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg::PostBuildLint
 {
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/remove.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/remove.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d8a3ebe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/remove.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vcpkg/dependencies.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+
+namespace vcpkg::Remove
+{
+    enum class Purge
+    {
+        NO = 0,
+        YES
+    };
+
+    inline Purge to_purge(const bool value) { return value ? Purge::YES : Purge::NO; }
+
+    void perform_remove_plan_action(const VcpkgPaths& paths,
+                                    const Dependencies::RemovePlanAction& action,
+                                    const Purge purge,
+                                    StatusParagraphs& status_db);
+
+    extern const CommandStructure COMMAND_STRUCTURE;
+
+    void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
+    void remove_package(const VcpkgPaths& paths, const PackageSpec& spec, StatusParagraphs* status_db);
+}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/SourceParagraph.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/sourceparagraph.h
index ccf9faf4f..dcbbc1c3b 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/SourceParagraph.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/sourceparagraph.h
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "PackageSpec.h"
-#include "Span.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Parse.h"
-#include "vcpkg_System.h"
-#include "vcpkg_expected.h"
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
+#include <vcpkg/parse.h>
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/expected.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/span.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/system.h>
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/StatusParagraph.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/statusparagraph.h
index b56533d65..ca84b1bb7 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/StatusParagraph.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/statusparagraph.h
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "BinaryParagraph.h"
+#include <vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h>
+
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 namespace vcpkg
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/StatusParagraphs.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/statusparagraphs.h
index 1a9ee6a03..c2f3b7b8e 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/StatusParagraphs.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/statusparagraphs.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "StatusParagraph.h"
+#include <vcpkg/statusparagraph.h>
+
 #include <iterator>
 #include <memory>
 
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/triplet.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/triplet.h
index 46a52f8e6..50d731593 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/triplet.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/triplet.h
@@ -36,8 +36,11 @@ namespace vcpkg
     bool operator!=(const Triplet& left, const Triplet& right);
 }
 
-template<>
-struct std::hash<vcpkg::Triplet>
+namespace std
 {
-    size_t operator()(const vcpkg::Triplet& t) const { return t.hash_code(); }
-};
+    template<>
+    struct hash<vcpkg::Triplet>
+    {
+        size_t operator()(const vcpkg::Triplet& t) const { return t.hash_code(); }
+    };
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/update.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/update.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7303d1b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/update.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
+#include <vcpkg/statusparagraphs.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
+#include <vcpkg/versiont.h>
+
+namespace vcpkg::Update
+{
+    struct OutdatedPackage
+    {
+        static bool compare_by_name(const OutdatedPackage& left, const OutdatedPackage& right);
+
+        PackageSpec spec;
+        VersionDiff version_diff;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<OutdatedPackage> find_outdated_packages(const VcpkgPaths& paths, const StatusParagraphs& status_db);
+    void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/VcpkgCmdArguments.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h
index 0de5747b1..d9895f4b8 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/VcpkgCmdArguments.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/vcpkgcmdarguments.h
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "vcpkg_optional.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/cstringview.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/optional.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/span.h>
+
 #include <memory>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
@@ -16,7 +19,11 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
     struct VcpkgCmdArguments
     {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
         static VcpkgCmdArguments create_from_command_line(const int argc, const wchar_t* const* const argv);
+#else
+        static VcpkgCmdArguments create_from_command_line(const int argc, const char* const* const argv);
+#endif
         static VcpkgCmdArguments create_from_arg_sequence(const std::string* arg_begin, const std::string* arg_end);
 
         std::unique_ptr<std::string> vcpkg_root_dir;
@@ -46,4 +53,19 @@ namespace vcpkg
     private:
         std::unordered_map<std::string, Optional<std::string>> optional_command_arguments;
     };
+
+    struct VcpkgPaths;
+
+    struct CommandStructure
+    {
+        CStringView example_text;
+
+        size_t minimum_arity;
+        size_t maximum_arity;
+
+        Span<const std::string> switches;
+        Span<const std::string> settings;
+
+        std::vector<std::string> (*valid_arguments)(const VcpkgPaths& paths);
+    };
 }
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkglib.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/vcpkglib.h
index 0bb75f9b5..9a7fdb861 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkglib.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/vcpkglib.h
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "SortedVector.h"
-#include "StatusParagraphs.h"
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
+#include <vcpkg/base/sortedvector.h>
+#include <vcpkg/statusparagraphs.h>
+#include <vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
@@ -22,17 +22,16 @@ namespace vcpkg
 
     struct CMakeVariable
     {
-        CMakeVariable(const CWStringView varname, const wchar_t* varvalue);
-        CMakeVariable(const CWStringView varname, const std::string& varvalue);
-        CMakeVariable(const CWStringView varname, const std::wstring& varvalue);
-        CMakeVariable(const CWStringView varname, const fs::path& path);
+        CMakeVariable(const CStringView varname, const char* varvalue);
+        CMakeVariable(const CStringView varname, const std::string& varvalue);
+        CMakeVariable(const CStringView varname, const fs::path& path);
 
-        std::wstring s;
+        std::string s;
     };
 
-    std::wstring make_cmake_cmd(const fs::path& cmake_exe,
-                                const fs::path& cmake_script,
-                                const std::vector<CMakeVariable>& pass_variables);
+    std::string make_cmake_cmd(const fs::path& cmake_exe,
+                               const fs::path& cmake_script,
+                               const std::vector<CMakeVariable>& pass_variables);
 
     std::string shorten_text(const std::string& desc, size_t length);
 } // namespace vcpkg
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/VcpkgPaths.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h
index d4640fba2..781dabd1a 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/VcpkgPaths.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/vcpkgpaths.h
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once
-#include "BinaryParagraph.h"
-#include "Lazy.h"
-#include "PackageSpec.h"
-#include "filesystem_fs.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Files.h"
-#include "vcpkg_expected.h"
+
+#include <vcpkg/binaryparagraph.h>
+#include <vcpkg/packagespec.h>
+
+#include <vcpkg/base/expected.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/files.h>
+#include <vcpkg/base/lazy.h>
 
 namespace vcpkg
 {
     struct ToolsetArchOption
     {
-        CWStringView name;
+        CStringView name;
         System::CPUArchitecture host_arch;
         System::CPUArchitecture target_arch;
     };
@@ -20,8 +21,8 @@ namespace vcpkg
         fs::path visual_studio_root_path;
         fs::path dumpbin;
         fs::path vcvarsall;
-        std::vector<std::wstring> vcvarsall_options;
-        CWStringView version;
+        std::vector<std::string> vcvarsall_options;
+        CStringView version;
         std::vector<ToolsetArchOption> supported_architectures;
     };
 
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ namespace vcpkg
         fs::path build_info_file_path(const PackageSpec& spec) const;
         fs::path listfile_path(const BinaryParagraph& pgh) const;
 
+        const std::vector<std::string>& get_available_triplets() const;
         bool is_valid_triplet(const Triplet& t) const;
 
         fs::path root;
@@ -67,12 +69,13 @@ namespace vcpkg
         /// <remarks>
         ///   Valid version strings are "v140", "v141", and "". Empty string gets the latest.
         /// </remarks>
-        const Toolset& VcpkgPaths::get_toolset(const Optional<std::string>& toolset_version,
-                                               const Optional<fs::path>& visual_studio_path) const;
+        const Toolset& get_toolset(const Optional<std::string>& toolset_version,
+                                   const Optional<fs::path>& visual_studio_path) const;
 
         Files::Filesystem& get_filesystem() const;
 
     private:
+        Lazy<std::vector<std::string>> available_triplets;
         Lazy<fs::path> cmake_exe;
         Lazy<fs::path> git_exe;
         Lazy<fs::path> nuget_exe;
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/VersionT.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/versiont.h
index 67efd8da3..67efd8da3 100644
--- a/toolsrc/include/VersionT.h
+++ b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg/versiont.h
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7cfa2760e..000000000
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "StatusParagraphs.h"
-#include "VcpkgCmdArguments.h"
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
-#include "VersionT.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Build.h"
-#include "vcpkg_Dependencies.h"
-#include <array>
-
-namespace vcpkg::Commands
-{
-    using CommandTypeA = void (*)(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args,
-                                  const VcpkgPaths& paths,
-                                  const Triplet& default_triplet);
-    using CommandTypeB = void (*)(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    using CommandTypeC = void (*)(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
-
-    namespace BuildCommand
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const FullPackageSpec& full_spec,
-                              const fs::path& port_dir,
-                              const std::unordered_set<std::string>& options,
-                              const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
-    }
-
-    namespace BuildExternal
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
-    }
-
-    namespace Install
-    {
-        enum class KeepGoing
-        {
-            NO = 0,
-            YES
-        };
-
-        inline KeepGoing to_keep_going(const bool value) { return value ? KeepGoing::YES : KeepGoing::NO; }
-
-        enum class PrintSummary
-        {
-            NO = 0,
-            YES
-        };
-
-        inline PrintSummary to_print_summary(const bool value) { return value ? PrintSummary::YES : PrintSummary::NO; }
-
-        struct InstallDir
-        {
-            static InstallDir from_destination_root(const fs::path& destination_root,
-                                                    const std::string& destination_subdirectory,
-                                                    const fs::path& listfile);
-
-        private:
-            fs::path m_destination;
-            std::string m_destination_subdirectory;
-            fs::path m_listfile;
-
-        public:
-            const fs::path& destination() const;
-            const std::string& destination_subdirectory() const;
-            const fs::path& listfile() const;
-        };
-
-        Build::BuildResult perform_install_plan_action(const VcpkgPaths& paths,
-                                                       const Dependencies::InstallPlanAction& action,
-                                                       const Build::BuildPackageOptions& install_plan_options,
-                                                       StatusParagraphs& status_db);
-
-        enum class InstallResult
-        {
-            FILE_CONFLICTS,
-            SUCCESS,
-        };
-
-        void install_files_and_write_listfile(Files::Filesystem& fs,
-                                              const fs::path& source_dir,
-                                              const InstallDir& dirs);
-        InstallResult install_package(const VcpkgPaths& paths,
-                                      const BinaryControlFile& binary_paragraph,
-                                      StatusParagraphs* status_db);
-
-        void perform_and_exit(const std::vector<Dependencies::AnyAction>& action_plan,
-                              const Build::BuildPackageOptions& install_plan_options,
-                              const KeepGoing keep_going,
-                              const PrintSummary print_summary,
-                              const VcpkgPaths& paths,
-                              StatusParagraphs& status_db);
-
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
-    }
-
-    namespace Export
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
-    }
-
-    namespace CI
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
-    }
-
-    namespace Remove
-    {
-        enum class Purge
-        {
-            NO = 0,
-            YES
-        };
-
-        inline Purge to_purge(const bool value) { return value ? Purge::YES : Purge::NO; }
-
-        void perform_remove_plan_action(const VcpkgPaths& paths,
-                                        const Dependencies::RemovePlanAction& action,
-                                        const Purge purge,
-                                        StatusParagraphs& status_db);
-
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
-        void remove_package(const VcpkgPaths& paths, const PackageSpec& spec, StatusParagraphs* status_db);
-    }
-
-    namespace Update
-    {
-        struct OutdatedPackage
-        {
-            static bool compare_by_name(const OutdatedPackage& left, const OutdatedPackage& right);
-
-            PackageSpec spec;
-            VersionDiff version_diff;
-        };
-
-        std::vector<OutdatedPackage> find_outdated_packages(const VcpkgPaths& paths, const StatusParagraphs& status_db);
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace Env
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths, const Triplet& default_triplet);
-    }
-
-    namespace Create
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace Edit
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace DependInfo
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace Search
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace List
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace Owns
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace Cache
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace Import
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace Integrate
-    {
-        extern const char* const INTEGRATE_COMMAND_HELPSTRING;
-
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-    namespace PortsDiff
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-    }
-
-	namespace Autocomplete
-	{
-		void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-	}
-
-    namespace Help
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-
-        void help_topic_valid_triplet(const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-
-        void print_usage();
-
-        void print_example(const std::string& command_and_arguments);
-
-        std::string create_example_string(const std::string& command_and_arguments);
-    }
-
-    namespace Version
-    {
-        const std::string& version();
-        void warn_if_vcpkg_version_mismatch(const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
-    }
-
-    namespace Contact
-    {
-        const std::string& email();
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
-    }
-
-    namespace Hash
-    {
-        void perform_and_exit(const VcpkgCmdArguments& args);
-    }
-
-    template<class T>
-    struct PackageNameAndFunction
-    {
-        std::string name;
-        T function;
-    };
-
-    const std::vector<PackageNameAndFunction<CommandTypeA>>& get_available_commands_type_a();
-    const std::vector<PackageNameAndFunction<CommandTypeB>>& get_available_commands_type_b();
-    const std::vector<PackageNameAndFunction<CommandTypeC>>& get_available_commands_type_c();
-
-    template<typename T>
-    T find(const std::string& command_name, const std::vector<PackageNameAndFunction<T>> available_commands)
-    {
-        for (const PackageNameAndFunction<T>& cmd : available_commands)
-        {
-            if (cmd.name == command_name)
-            {
-                return cmd.function;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // not found
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands_Export.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands_Export.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e698c1b4..000000000
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Commands_Export.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "VcpkgPaths.h"
-
-namespace vcpkg::Commands::Export
-{
-    void export_integration_files(const fs::path& raw_exported_dir_path, const VcpkgPaths& paths);
-}
diff --git a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Maps.h b/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Maps.h
deleted file mode 100644
index aadd81c2b..000000000
--- a/toolsrc/include/vcpkg_Maps.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <map>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <unordered_set>
-
-namespace vcpkg::Maps
-{
-    template<typename K, typename V>
-    std::vector<K> extract_keys(const std::unordered_map<K, V>& input_map)
-    {
-        std::vector<K> key_set;
-        for (auto const& element : input_map)
-        {
-            key_set.push_back(element.first);
-        }
-        return key_set;
-    }
-
-    template<typename K, typename V>
-    std::vector<K> extract_keys(const std::map<K, V>& input_map)
-    {
-        std::vector<K> key_set;
-        for (auto const& element : input_map)
-        {
-            key_set.push_back(element.first);
-        }
-        return key_set;
-    }
-}