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+.. _proj:
+
+================================================================================
+proj
+================================================================================
+
+.. only:: html
+
+    Cartographic projection filter.
+
+.. Index:: proj
+
+Synopsis
+********
+    **proj** [**-beEfiIlmorsStTvVwW**] [args]] [*+opt[=arg]* ...] file ...
+
+    **invproj** [**-beEfiIlmorsStTvVwW**] [args]] [*+opt[=arg]* ...] file ...
+
+
+Description
+***********
+:program:`proj` and :program:`invproj` perform respective forward and inverse
+conversion of cartographic data to or from cartesian data with a wide
+range of selectable projection functions.
+
+:program:`invproj` may not be available on all platforms; in this case
+use :option:`proj -I` instead.
+
+The following control parameters can appear in any order
+
+.. program:: proj
+
+.. option:: -b
+
+    Special option for binary coordinate data input and output through standard
+    input and standard output. Data is assumed to be in system type double
+    floating point words. This option is to be used when :program:`proj` is a child process
+    and allows bypassing formatting operations.
+
+.. option:: -d <n>
+
+.. versionadded:: 5.2.0
+
+    Specify the number of decimals in the output.
+
+.. option:: -i
+
+    Selects binary input only (see :option:`-b`).
+
+.. option:: -I
+
+    Alternate method to specify inverse projection. Redundant when used with
+    :program:`invproj`.
+
+.. option:: -o
+
+    Selects binary output only (see :option:`-b`).
+
+.. option:: -t<a>
+
+    Where *a* specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a
+    control line to be passed through without processing. This option
+    applicable to ASCII input only. (# is the default value).
+
+.. option:: -e <string>
+
+    Where *string* is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is detected during
+    data transformations. The default value is a three character string: ``*\t*``.
+    Note that if the :option:`-b`, :option:`-i` or :option:`-o` options are employed, an error
+    is returned as HUGE_VAL value for both return values.
+
+.. option:: -E
+
+    Causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line prior to
+    printing the converted values.
+
+.. option:: -l<[=id]>
+
+    List projection identifiers that can be selected with *+proj*. ``proj -l=id``
+    gives expanded description of projection *id*, e.g. ``proj -l=merc``.
+
+.. option:: -lp
+
+    List of all projection id that can be used with the *+proj* parameter.
+    Equivalent to ``proj -l``.
+
+.. option:: -lP
+
+    Expanded description of all projections that can be used with the *+proj*
+    parameter.
+
+.. option:: -le
+
+    List of all ellipsoids that can be selected with the *+ellps* parameters.
+
+.. option:: -lu
+
+    List of all distance units that can be selected with the *+units* parameter.
+
+.. option:: -r
+
+    This options reverses the order of the expected input from
+    longitude-latitude or x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.
+
+.. option:: -s
+
+    This options reverses the order of the output from x-y or longitude-latitude
+    to y-x or latitude-longitude.
+
+.. option:: -S
+
+    Causes estimation of meridional and parallel scale factors, area scale
+    factor and angular distortion, and maximum and minimum scale factors to be
+    listed between <> for each input point. For conformal projections meridional
+    and parallel scales factors will be equal and angular distortion zero. Equal
+    area projections will have an area factor of 1.
+
+.. option:: -m <mult>
+
+    The cartesian data may be scaled by the *mult* parameter. When processing data
+    in a forward projection mode the cartesian output values are multiplied by
+    *mult* otherwise the input cartesian values are divided by *mult* before inverse
+    projection. If the first two characters of *mult* are 1/ or 1: then the
+    reciprocal value of *mult* is employed.
+
+.. option:: -f <format>
+
+    Where *format* is a printf format string to control the form of the output values.
+    For inverse projections, the output will be in degrees when this option is
+    employed. The default format is ``"%.2f"`` for forward projection and DMS for
+    inverse.
+
+.. option:: -w<n>
+
+    Where *n* is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
+    output (when the option is not specified, ``-w3`` is assumed).
+
+.. option:: -W<n>
+
+    Where *n* is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
+    output. When ``-W`` is employed the fields will be constant width
+    with leading zeroes.
+
+.. option:: -v
+
+    Causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for and used by
+    the program to be printed prior to input data.
+
+.. option:: -V
+
+    This option causes an expanded annotated listing of the characteristics of
+    the projected point. :option:`-v` is implied with this option.
+
+
+The *+opt* run-line arguments are associated with cartographic parameters.
+Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two auxiliary
+control files: the first is optionally referenced with the
+*+init=file:id* and the second is always processed after the name of the
+projection has been established from either the run-line or the contents of
++init file. The environment parameter :envvar:`PROJ_LIB` establishes the
+default directory for a file reference without an absolute path. This is
+also used for supporting files like datum shift files.
+
+.. only:: html
+
+    Usage of *+opt* varies with projection and for a complete description
+    consult the :ref:`projection pages <projections>`.
+
+
+One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify the source of
+data to be converted. A ``-`` will specify the location of processing standard
+input. If no files are specified, the input is assumed to be from stdin.
+For ASCII input data the two data values must be in the first two white space
+separated fields and when both input and output are ASCII all trailing
+portions of the input line are appended to the output line.
+
+Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS or decimal degrees format and input
+cartesian data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid major axis or
+sphere radius units. Output geographic coordinates will be in DMS (if the
+``-w`` switch is not employed) and precise to 0.001" with trailing, zero-valued
+minute-second fields deleted.
+
+Example
+*******
+The following script
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    proj +proj=utm +lon_0=112w +ellps=clrk66 -r <<EOF
+    45d15'33.1" 111.5W
+    45d15.551666667N -111d30
+    +45.25919444444 111d30'000w
+    EOF
+
+will perform UTM forward projection with a standard UTM central meridian
+nearest longitude 112W. The geographic values of this example are equivalent
+and meant as examples of various forms of DMS input. The x-y output
+data will appear as three lines of::
+
+    460769.27     5011648.45
+
+.. only:: man
+
+    Other programs
+    **************
+
+    The :program:`proj` program is limited to converting between geographic and
+    projected coordinates within one datum.
+
+    The :program:`cs2cs` program operates similarly, but allows translation
+    between any pair of definable coordinate reference systems, including
+    support for datum translation.
+
+    See also
+    ********
+
+    **cs2cs(1)**, **cct(1)**, **geod(1)**, **gie(1)**, **projinfo(1)**, **projsync(1)**
+
+    .. include:: common_man.rst