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-rw-r--r--src/Makefile.am3
-rw-r--r--src/geod.c2
-rw-r--r--src/geod_for.c103
-rw-r--r--src/geod_interface.c34
-rw-r--r--src/geod_interface.h45
-rw-r--r--src/geod_inv.c56
-rw-r--r--src/geod_set.c14
-rw-r--r--src/geodesic.c1461
-rw-r--r--src/geodesic.h243
9 files changed, 1745 insertions, 216 deletions
diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index e44b0248..bbf28ba6 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ EXTRA_DIST = makefile.vc proj.def
proj_SOURCES = proj.c gen_cheb.c p_series.c
cs2cs_SOURCES = cs2cs.c gen_cheb.c p_series.c
nad2bin_SOURCES = nad2bin.c
-geod_SOURCES = geod.c geod_set.c geod_for.c geod_inv.c geodesic.h
+geod_SOURCES = geod.c geod_set.c geod_interface.c geod_interface.h \
+ geodesic.c geodesic.h
multistresstest_SOURCES = multistresstest.c
proj_LDADD = libproj.la
diff --git a/src/geod.c b/src/geod.c
index 87bb0d2e..f597b13a 100644
--- a/src/geod.c
+++ b/src/geod.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/* <<<< Geodesic filter program >>>> */
# include "projects.h"
-# include "geodesic.h"
+# include "geod_interface.h"
# include "emess.h"
# include <ctype.h>
# include <stdio.h>
diff --git a/src/geod_for.c b/src/geod_for.c
deleted file mode 100644
index fe7c90dd..00000000
--- a/src/geod_for.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-# include "projects.h"
-# include "geodesic.h"
-# define MERI_TOL 1e-9
- static double
-th1,costh1,sinth1,sina12,cosa12,M,N,c1,c2,D,P,s1;
- static int
-merid, signS;
- void
-geod_pre(void) {
- al12 = adjlon(al12); /* reduce to +- 0-PI */
- signS = fabs(al12) > HALFPI ? 1 : 0;
- th1 = ellipse ? atan(onef * tan(phi1)) : phi1;
- costh1 = cos(th1);
- sinth1 = sin(th1);
- if ((merid = fabs(sina12 = sin(al12)) < MERI_TOL)) {
- sina12 = 0.;
- cosa12 = fabs(al12) < HALFPI ? 1. : -1.;
- M = 0.;
- } else {
- cosa12 = cos(al12);
- M = costh1 * sina12;
- }
- N = costh1 * cosa12;
- if (ellipse) {
- if (merid) {
- c1 = 0.;
- c2 = f4;
- D = 1. - c2;
- D *= D;
- P = c2 / D;
- } else {
- c1 = geod_f * M;
- c2 = f4 * (1. - M * M);
- D = (1. - c2)*(1. - c2 - c1 * M);
- P = (1. + .5 * c1 * M) * c2 / D;
- }
- }
- if (merid) s1 = HALFPI - th1;
- else {
- s1 = (fabs(M) >= 1.) ? 0. : acos(M);
- s1 = sinth1 / sin(s1);
- s1 = (fabs(s1) >= 1.) ? 0. : acos(s1);
- }
-}
- void
-geod_for(void) {
- double d,sind,u,V,X,ds,cosds,sinds,ss,de;
-
- if (ellipse) {
- d = geod_S / (D * geod_a);
- if (signS) d = -d;
- u = 2. * (s1 - d);
- V = cos(u + d);
- X = c2 * c2 * (sind = sin(d)) * cos(d) * (2. * V * V - 1.);
- ds = d + X - 2. * P * V * (1. - 2. * P * cos(u)) * sind;
- ss = s1 + s1 - ds;
- } else {
- ds = geod_S / geod_a;
- if (signS) ds = - ds;
- }
- cosds = cos(ds);
- sinds = sin(ds);
- if (signS) sinds = - sinds;
- al21 = N * cosds - sinth1 * sinds;
- if (merid) {
- phi2 = atan( tan(HALFPI + s1 - ds) / onef);
- if (al21 > 0.) {
- al21 = PI;
- if (signS)
- de = PI;
- else {
- phi2 = - phi2;
- de = 0.;
- }
- } else {
- al21 = 0.;
- if (signS) {
- phi2 = - phi2;
- de = 0;
- } else
- de = PI;
- }
- } else {
- al21 = atan(M / al21);
- if (al21 > 0)
- al21 += PI;
- if (al12 < 0.)
- al21 -= PI;
- al21 = adjlon(al21);
- phi2 = atan(-(sinth1 * cosds + N * sinds) * sin(al21) /
- (ellipse ? onef * M : M));
- de = atan2(sinds * sina12 ,
- (costh1 * cosds - sinth1 * sinds * cosa12));
- if (ellipse)
- if (signS)
- de += c1 * ((1. - c2) * ds +
- c2 * sinds * cos(ss));
- else
- de -= c1 * ((1. - c2) * ds -
- c2 * sinds * cos(ss));
- }
- lam2 = adjlon( lam1 + de );
-}
diff --git a/src/geod_interface.c b/src/geod_interface.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c144a35d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geod_interface.c
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include "projects.h"
+#include "geod_interface.h"
+
+void geod_ini(void) {
+ GeodesicInit(&GlobalGeodesic, geod_a, geod_f);
+}
+
+void geod_pre(void) {
+ double
+ degree = PI/180,
+ lat1 = phi1 / degree, lon1 = lam1 /degree, azi1 = al12 / degree;
+ GeodesicLineInit(&GlobalGeodesicLine, &GlobalGeodesic,
+ lat1, lon1, azi1, 0U);
+}
+
+void geod_for(void) {
+ double degree = PI/180, s12 = geod_S, lat2, lon2, azi2;
+ Position(&GlobalGeodesicLine, s12, &lat2, &lon2, &azi2);
+ azi2 += azi2 >= 0 ? -180 : 180; /* Compute back azimuth */
+ phi2 = lat2 * degree;
+ lam2 = lon2 * degree;
+ al21 = azi2 * degree;
+}
+
+void geod_inv(void) {
+ double
+ degree = PI / 180,
+ lat1 = phi1 / degree, lon1 = lam1 / degree,
+ lat2 = phi2 / degree, lon2 = lam2 / degree,
+ azi1, azi2, s12;
+ Inverse(&GlobalGeodesic, lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, &s12, &azi1, &azi2);
+ azi2 += azi2 >= 0 ? -180 : 180; /* Compute back azimuth */
+ al12 = azi1 * degree; al21 = azi2 * degree; geod_S = s12;
+}
diff --git a/src/geod_interface.h b/src/geod_interface.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..161c7572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geod_interface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#if !defined(GEOD_INTERFACE_H)
+#define GEOD_INTERFACE_H
+
+#include "geodesic.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _IN_GEOD_SET
+# define GEOD_EXTERN extern
+#else
+# define GEOD_EXTERN
+#endif
+
+GEOD_EXTERN struct geodesic {
+ double A, FLAT, LAM1, PHI1, ALPHA12, LAM2, PHI2, ALPHA21, DIST;
+} GEODESIC;
+
+# define geod_a GEODESIC.A
+# define geod_f GEODESIC.FLAT
+# define lam1 GEODESIC.LAM1
+# define phi1 GEODESIC.PHI1
+# define al12 GEODESIC.ALPHA12
+# define lam2 GEODESIC.LAM2
+# define phi2 GEODESIC.PHI2
+# define al21 GEODESIC.ALPHA21
+# define geod_S GEODESIC.DIST
+
+GEOD_EXTERN struct Geodesic GlobalGeodesic;
+GEOD_EXTERN struct GeodesicLine GlobalGeodesicLine;
+GEOD_EXTERN int n_alpha, n_S;
+GEOD_EXTERN double to_meter, fr_meter, del_alpha;
+
+void geod_set(int, char **);
+void geod_ini(void);
+void geod_pre(void);
+void geod_for(void);
+void geod_inv(void);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/geod_inv.c b/src/geod_inv.c
deleted file mode 100644
index c0c8dbb0..00000000
--- a/src/geod_inv.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-# include "projects.h"
-# include "geodesic.h"
-# define DTOL 1e-12
- void
-geod_inv(void) {
- double th1,th2,thm,dthm,dlamm,dlam,sindlamm,costhm,sinthm,cosdthm,
- sindthm,L,E,cosd,d,X,Y,T,sind,tandlammp,u,v,D,A,B;
-
- if (ellipse) {
- th1 = atan(onef * tan(phi1));
- th2 = atan(onef * tan(phi2));
- } else {
- th1 = phi1;
- th2 = phi2;
- }
- thm = .5 * (th1 + th2);
- dthm = .5 * (th2 - th1);
- dlamm = .5 * ( dlam = adjlon(lam2 - lam1) );
- if (fabs(dlam) < DTOL && fabs(dthm) < DTOL) {
- al12 = al21 = geod_S = 0.;
- return;
- }
- sindlamm = sin(dlamm);
- costhm = cos(thm); sinthm = sin(thm);
- cosdthm = cos(dthm); sindthm = sin(dthm);
- L = sindthm * sindthm + (cosdthm * cosdthm - sinthm * sinthm)
- * sindlamm * sindlamm;
- d = acos(cosd = 1 - L - L);
- if (ellipse) {
- E = cosd + cosd;
- sind = sin( d );
- Y = sinthm * cosdthm;
- Y *= (Y + Y) / (1. - L);
- T = sindthm * costhm;
- T *= (T + T) / L;
- X = Y + T;
- Y -= T;
- T = d / sind;
- D = 4. * T * T;
- A = D * E;
- B = D + D;
- geod_S = geod_a * sind * (T - f4 * (T * X - Y) +
- f64 * (X * (A + (T - .5 * (A - E)) * X) -
- Y * (B + E * Y) + D * X * Y));
- tandlammp = tan(.5 * (dlam - .25 * (Y + Y - E * (4. - X)) *
- (f2 * T + f64 * (32. * T - (20. * T - A)
- * X - (B + 4.) * Y)) * tan(dlam)));
- } else {
- geod_S = geod_a * d;
- tandlammp = tan(dlamm);
- }
- u = atan2(sindthm , (tandlammp * costhm));
- v = atan2(cosdthm , (tandlammp * sinthm));
- al12 = adjlon(TWOPI + v - u);
- al21 = adjlon(TWOPI - v - u);
-}
diff --git a/src/geod_set.c b/src/geod_set.c
index 141091a9..eaadce52 100644
--- a/src/geod_set.c
+++ b/src/geod_set.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
#include <string.h>
#include "projects.h"
-#include "geodesic.h"
+#include "geod_interface.h"
#include "emess.h"
void
geod_set(int argc, char **argv) {
@@ -32,16 +32,8 @@ geod_set(int argc, char **argv) {
fr_meter = 1. / (to_meter = atof(unit_list[i].to_meter));
} else
to_meter = fr_meter = 1.;
- if ((ellipse = es) != 0.) {
- onef = sqrt(1. - es);
- geod_f = 1 - onef;
- f2 = geod_f/2;
- f4 = geod_f/4;
- f64 = geod_f*geod_f/64;
- } else {
- onef = 1.;
- geod_f = f2 = f4 = f64 = 0.;
- }
+ geod_f = es/(1 + sqrt(1 - es));
+ geod_ini();
/* check if line or arc mode */
if (pj_param(NULL,start, "tlat_1").i) {
double del_S;
diff --git a/src/geodesic.c b/src/geodesic.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..794439a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geodesic.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1461 @@
+/*
+ * This is a C implementation of the geodesic algorithms described in
+ *
+ * C. F. F. Karney
+ * Algorithms for geodesics
+ * J. Geodesy (2012)
+ * http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0578-z
+ * Addenda: http://geographiclib.sf.net/geod-addenda.html
+ *
+ * See the comments in geodesic.h for documentation.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2012) <charles@karney.com> and licensed
+ * under the MIT/X11 License. For more information, see
+ * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This file was distributed with GeographicLib 1.27.
+ */
+
+#include "geodesic.h"
+#include <math.h>
+
+#define GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEODESIC_ORDER 6
+#define nC1 GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEODESIC_ORDER
+#define nC1p GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEODESIC_ORDER
+#define nC2 GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEODESIC_ORDER
+#define nA3 GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEODESIC_ORDER
+#define nA3x nA3
+#define nC3 GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEODESIC_ORDER
+#define nC3x ((nC3 * (nC3 - 1)) / 2)
+#define nC4 GEOGRAPHICLIB_GEODESIC_ORDER
+#define nC4x ((nC4 * (nC4 + 1)) / 2)
+
+typedef double real;
+typedef int boolx;
+
+static unsigned init = 0;
+static const int FALSE = 0;
+static const int TRUE = 1;
+static unsigned digits, maxit1, maxit2;
+static real epsilon, realmin, pi, degree, NaN,
+ tiny, tol0, tol1, tol2, tolb, xthresh;
+
+static void Init() {
+ if (!init) {
+#if defined(__DBL_MANT_DIG__)
+ digits = __DBL_MANT_DIG__;
+#else
+ digits = 53;
+#endif
+#if defined(__DBL_EPSILON__)
+ epsilon = __DBL_EPSILON__;
+#else
+ epsilon = pow(0.5, digits - 1);
+#endif
+#if defined(__DBL_MIN__)
+ realmin = __DBL_MIN__;
+#else
+ realmin = pow(0.5, 1022);
+#endif
+#if defined(M_PI)
+ pi = M_PI;
+#else
+ pi = atan2(0.0, -1.0);
+#endif
+ maxit1 = 20;
+ maxit2 = maxit1 + digits + 10;
+ tiny = sqrt(realmin);
+ tol0 = epsilon;
+ /* Increase multiplier in defn of tol1 from 100 to 200 to fix inverse case
+ * 52.784459512564 0 -52.784459512563990912 179.634407464943777557
+ * which otherwise failed for Visual Studio 10 (Release and Debug) */
+ tol1 = 200 * tol0;
+ tol2 = sqrt(tol0);
+ /* Check on bisection interval */
+ tolb = tol0 * tol2;
+ xthresh = 1000 * tol2;
+ degree = pi/180;
+ NaN = sqrt(-1.0);
+ init = 1;
+ }
+}
+
+enum captype {
+ CAP_NONE = 0U,
+ CAP_C1 = 1U<<0,
+ CAP_C1p = 1U<<1,
+ CAP_C2 = 1U<<2,
+ CAP_C3 = 1U<<3,
+ CAP_C4 = 1U<<4,
+ CAP_ALL = 0x1FU,
+ OUT_ALL = 0x7F80U
+};
+
+static real sq(real x) { return x * x; }
+static real log1px(real x) {
+ volatile real
+ y = 1 + x,
+ z = y - 1;
+ /* Here's the explanation for this magic: y = 1 + z, exactly, and z
+ * approx x, thus log(y)/z (which is nearly constant near z = 0) returns
+ * a good approximation to the true log(1 + x)/x. The multiplication x *
+ * (log(y)/z) introduces little additional error. */
+ return z == 0 ? x : x * log(y) / z;
+}
+
+static real atanhx(real x) {
+ real y = fabs(x); /* Enforce odd parity */
+ y = log1px(2 * y/(1 - y))/2;
+ return x < 0 ? -y : y;
+}
+
+static real hypotx(real x, real y)
+{ return sqrt(x * x + y * y); }
+
+static real cbrtx(real x) {
+ real y = pow(fabs(x), 1/(real)(3)); /* Return the real cube root */
+ return x < 0 ? -y : y;
+}
+
+static real minx(real x, real y)
+{ return x < y ? x : y; }
+
+static real maxx(real x, real y)
+{ return x > y ? x : y; }
+
+static void swapx(real* x, real* y)
+{ real t = *x; *x = *y; *y = t; }
+
+static void SinCosNorm(real* sinx, real* cosx) {
+ real r = hypotx(*sinx, *cosx);
+ *sinx /= r;
+ *cosx /= r;
+}
+
+static real AngNormalize(real x)
+{ return x >= 180 ? x - 360 : (x < -180 ? x + 360 : x); }
+static real AngNormalize2(real x)
+{ return AngNormalize(fmod(x, (real)(360))); }
+
+static real AngRound(real x) {
+ const real z = (real)(0.0625); /* 1/16 */
+ volatile real y = fabs(x);
+ /* The compiler mustn't "simplify" z - (z - y) to y */
+ y = y < z ? z - (z - y) : y;
+ return x < 0 ? -y : y;
+}
+
+static void A3coeff(struct Geodesic* g);
+static void C3coeff(struct Geodesic* g);
+static void C4coeff(struct Geodesic* g);
+static real SinCosSeries(boolx sinp,
+ real sinx, real cosx,
+ const real c[], int n);
+static void Lengths(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real eps, real sig12,
+ real ssig1, real csig1, real dn1,
+ real ssig2, real csig2, real dn2,
+ real cbet1, real cbet2,
+ real* ps12b, real* pm12b, real* pm0,
+ boolx scalep, real* pM12, real* pM21,
+ /* Scratch areas of the right size */
+ real C1a[], real C2a[]);
+static real Astroid(real x, real y);
+static real InverseStart(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real sbet1, real cbet1, real dn1,
+ real sbet2, real cbet2, real dn2,
+ real lam12,
+ real* psalp1, real* pcalp1,
+ /* Only updated if return val >= 0 */
+ real* psalp2, real* pcalp2,
+ /* Scratch areas of the right size */
+ real C1a[], real C2a[]);
+static real Lambda12(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real sbet1, real cbet1, real dn1,
+ real sbet2, real cbet2, real dn2,
+ real salp1, real calp1,
+ real* psalp2, real* pcalp2,
+ real* psig12,
+ real* pssig1, real* pcsig1,
+ real* pssig2, real* pcsig2,
+ real* peps, real* pdomg12,
+ boolx diffp, real* pdlam12,
+ /* Scratch areas of the right size */
+ real C1a[], real C2a[], real C3a[]);
+static real A3f(const struct Geodesic* g, real eps);
+static void C3f(const struct Geodesic* g, real eps, real c[]);
+static void C4f(const struct Geodesic* g, real eps, real c[]);
+static real A1m1f(real eps);
+static void C1f(real eps, real c[]);
+static void C1pf(real eps, real c[]);
+static real A2m1f(real eps);
+static void C2f(real eps, real c[]);
+
+void GeodesicInit(struct Geodesic* g, real a, real f) {
+ if (!init) Init();
+ g->a = a;
+ g->f = f <= 1 ? f : 1/f;
+ g->f1 = 1 - g->f;
+ g->e2 = g->f * (2 - g->f);
+ g->ep2 = g->e2 / sq(g->f1); /* e2 / (1 - e2) */
+ g->n = g->f / ( 2 - g->f);
+ g->b = g->a * g->f1;
+ g->c2 = (sq(g->a) + sq(g->b) *
+ (g->e2 == 0 ? 1 :
+ (g->e2 > 0 ? atanhx(sqrt(g->e2)) : atan(sqrt(-g->e2))) /
+ sqrt(fabs(g->e2))))/2; /* authalic radius squared */
+ /* The sig12 threshold for "really short" */
+ g->etol2 = 0.01 * tol2 / maxx((real)(0.1), sqrt(fabs(g->e2)));
+ A3coeff(g);
+ C3coeff(g);
+ C4coeff(g);
+}
+
+void GeodesicLineInit(struct GeodesicLine* l,
+ const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real lat1, real lon1, real azi1, unsigned caps) {
+ real alp1, cbet1, sbet1, phi, eps;
+ l->a = g->a;
+ l->f = g->f;
+ l->b = g->b;
+ l->c2 = g->c2;
+ l->f1 = g->f1;
+ /* If caps is 0 assume the standard direct calculation */
+ l->caps = (caps ? caps : DISTANCE_IN | LONGITUDE) |
+ LATITUDE | AZIMUTH; /* Always allow latitude and azimuth */
+
+ azi1 = AngNormalize(azi1);
+ lon1 = AngNormalize(lon1);
+ if (lat1 == 90) {
+ lon1 += lon1 < 0 ? 180 : -180;
+ lon1 = AngNormalize(lon1 - azi1);
+ azi1 = -180;
+ } else if (lat1 == -90) {
+ lon1 = AngNormalize(lon1 + azi1);
+ azi1 = 0;
+ } else {
+ /* Guard against underflow in salp0 */
+ azi1 = AngRound(azi1);
+ }
+
+ l->lat1 = lat1;
+ l->lon1 = lon1;
+ l->azi1 = azi1;
+ /* alp1 is in [0, pi] */
+ alp1 = azi1 * degree;
+ /* Enforce sin(pi) == 0 and cos(pi/2) == 0. Better to face the ensuing
+ * problems directly than to skirt them. */
+ l->salp1 = azi1 == -180 ? 0 : sin(alp1);
+ l->calp1 = fabs(azi1) == 90 ? 0 : cos(alp1);
+ phi = lat1 * degree;
+ /* Ensure cbet1 = +epsilon at poles */
+ sbet1 = l->f1 * sin(phi);
+ cbet1 = fabs(lat1) == 90 ? tiny : cos(phi);
+ SinCosNorm(&sbet1, &cbet1);
+ l->dn1 = sqrt(1 + g->ep2 * sq(sbet1));
+
+ /* Evaluate alp0 from sin(alp1) * cos(bet1) = sin(alp0), */
+ l->salp0 = l->salp1 * cbet1; /* alp0 in [0, pi/2 - |bet1|] */
+ /* Alt: calp0 = hypot(sbet1, calp1 * cbet1). The following
+ * is slightly better (consider the case salp1 = 0). */
+ l->calp0 = hypotx(l->calp1, l->salp1 * sbet1);
+ /* Evaluate sig with tan(bet1) = tan(sig1) * cos(alp1).
+ * sig = 0 is nearest northward crossing of equator.
+ * With bet1 = 0, alp1 = pi/2, we have sig1 = 0 (equatorial line).
+ * With bet1 = pi/2, alp1 = -pi, sig1 = pi/2
+ * With bet1 = -pi/2, alp1 = 0 , sig1 = -pi/2
+ * Evaluate omg1 with tan(omg1) = sin(alp0) * tan(sig1).
+ * With alp0 in (0, pi/2], quadrants for sig and omg coincide.
+ * No atan2(0,0) ambiguity at poles since cbet1 = +epsilon.
+ * With alp0 = 0, omg1 = 0 for alp1 = 0, omg1 = pi for alp1 = pi. */
+ l->ssig1 = sbet1; l->somg1 = l->salp0 * sbet1;
+ l->csig1 = l->comg1 = sbet1 != 0 || l->calp1 != 0 ? cbet1 * l->calp1 : 1;
+ SinCosNorm(&l->ssig1, &l->csig1); /* sig1 in (-pi, pi] */
+ /* SinCosNorm(somg1, comg1); -- don't need to normalize! */
+
+ l->k2 = sq(l->calp0) * g->ep2;
+ eps = l->k2 / (2 * (1 + sqrt(1 + l->k2)) + l->k2);
+
+ if (l->caps & CAP_C1) {
+ real s, c;
+ l->A1m1 = A1m1f(eps);
+ C1f(eps, l->C1a);
+ l->B11 = SinCosSeries(TRUE, l->ssig1, l->csig1, l->C1a, nC1);
+ s = sin(l->B11); c = cos(l->B11);
+ /* tau1 = sig1 + B11 */
+ l->stau1 = l->ssig1 * c + l->csig1 * s;
+ l->ctau1 = l->csig1 * c - l->ssig1 * s;
+ /* Not necessary because C1pa reverts C1a
+ * B11 = -SinCosSeries(TRUE, stau1, ctau1, C1pa, nC1p); */
+ }
+
+ if (l->caps & CAP_C1p)
+ C1pf(eps, l->C1pa);
+
+ if (l->caps & CAP_C2) {
+ l->A2m1 = A2m1f(eps);
+ C2f(eps, l->C2a);
+ l->B21 = SinCosSeries(TRUE, l->ssig1, l->csig1, l->C2a, nC2);
+ }
+
+ if (l->caps & CAP_C3) {
+ C3f(g, eps, l->C3a);
+ l->A3c = -l->f * l->salp0 * A3f(g, eps);
+ l->B31 = SinCosSeries(TRUE, l->ssig1, l->csig1, l->C3a, nC3-1);
+ }
+
+ if (l->caps & CAP_C4) {
+ C4f(g, eps, l->C4a);
+ /* Multiplier = a^2 * e^2 * cos(alpha0) * sin(alpha0) */
+ l->A4 = sq(l->a) * l->calp0 * l->salp0 * g->e2;
+ l->B41 = SinCosSeries(FALSE, l->ssig1, l->csig1, l->C4a, nC4);
+ }
+}
+
+real GenPosition(const struct GeodesicLine* l,
+ boolx arcmode, real s12_a12,
+ real* plat2, real* plon2, real* pazi2,
+ real* ps12, real* pm12,
+ real* pM12, real* pM21,
+ real* pS12) {
+ real lat2 = 0, lon2 = 0, azi2 = 0, s12 = 0,
+ m12 = 0, M12 = 0, M21 = 0, S12 = 0;
+ /* Avoid warning about uninitialized B12. */
+ real sig12, ssig12, csig12, B12 = 0, AB1 = 0;
+ real omg12, lam12, lon12;
+ real ssig2, csig2, sbet2, cbet2, somg2, comg2, salp2, calp2, dn2;
+ unsigned outmask =
+ (plat2 ? LATITUDE : 0U) |
+ (plon2 ? LONGITUDE : 0U) |
+ (pazi2 ? AZIMUTH : 0U) |
+ (ps12 ? DISTANCE : 0U) |
+ (pm12 ? REDUCEDLENGTH : 0U) |
+ (pM12 || pM21 ? GEODESICSCALE : 0U) |
+ (pS12 ? AREA : 0U);
+
+ outmask &= l->caps & OUT_ALL;
+ if (!( TRUE /*Init()*/ && (arcmode || (l->caps & DISTANCE_IN & OUT_ALL)) ))
+ /* Uninitialized or impossible distance calculation requested */
+ return NaN;
+
+ if (arcmode) {
+ real s12a;
+ /* Interpret s12_a12 as spherical arc length */
+ sig12 = s12_a12 * degree;
+ s12a = fabs(s12_a12);
+ s12a -= 180 * floor(s12a / 180);
+ ssig12 = s12a == 0 ? 0 : sin(sig12);
+ csig12 = s12a == 90 ? 0 : cos(sig12);
+ } else {
+ /* Interpret s12_a12 as distance */
+ real
+ tau12 = s12_a12 / (l->b * (1 + l->A1m1)),
+ s = sin(tau12),
+ c = cos(tau12);
+ /* tau2 = tau1 + tau12 */
+ B12 = - SinCosSeries(TRUE,
+ l->stau1 * c + l->ctau1 * s,
+ l->ctau1 * c - l->stau1 * s,
+ l->C1pa, nC1p);
+ sig12 = tau12 - (B12 - l->B11);
+ ssig12 = sin(sig12); csig12 = cos(sig12);
+ if (fabs(l->f) > 0.01) {
+ /* Reverted distance series is inaccurate for |f| > 1/100, so correct
+ * sig12 with 1 Newton iteration. The following table shows the
+ * approximate maximum error for a = WGS_a() and various f relative to
+ * GeodesicExact.
+ * erri = the error in the inverse solution (nm)
+ * errd = the error in the direct solution (series only) (nm)
+ * errda = the error in the direct solution (series + 1 Newton) (nm)
+ *
+ * f erri errd errda
+ * -1/5 12e6 1.2e9 69e6
+ * -1/10 123e3 12e6 765e3
+ * -1/20 1110 108e3 7155
+ * -1/50 18.63 200.9 27.12
+ * -1/100 18.63 23.78 23.37
+ * -1/150 18.63 21.05 20.26
+ * 1/150 22.35 24.73 25.83
+ * 1/100 22.35 25.03 25.31
+ * 1/50 29.80 231.9 30.44
+ * 1/20 5376 146e3 10e3
+ * 1/10 829e3 22e6 1.5e6
+ * 1/5 157e6 3.8e9 280e6 */
+ real
+ ssig2 = l->ssig1 * csig12 + l->csig1 * ssig12,
+ csig2 = l->csig1 * csig12 - l->ssig1 * ssig12,
+ serr;
+ B12 = SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig2, csig2, l->C1a, nC1);
+ serr = (1 + l->A1m1) * (sig12 + (B12 - l->B11)) - s12_a12 / l->b;
+ sig12 = sig12 - serr / sqrt(1 + l->k2 * sq(ssig2));
+ ssig12 = sin(sig12); csig12 = cos(sig12);
+ /* Update B12 below */
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* sig2 = sig1 + sig12 */
+ ssig2 = l->ssig1 * csig12 + l->csig1 * ssig12;
+ csig2 = l->csig1 * csig12 - l->ssig1 * ssig12;
+ dn2 = sqrt(1 + l->k2 * sq(ssig2));
+ if (outmask & (DISTANCE | REDUCEDLENGTH | GEODESICSCALE)) {
+ if (arcmode || fabs(l->f) > 0.01)
+ B12 = SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig2, csig2, l->C1a, nC1);
+ AB1 = (1 + l->A1m1) * (B12 - l->B11);
+ }
+ /* sin(bet2) = cos(alp0) * sin(sig2) */
+ sbet2 = l->calp0 * ssig2;
+ /* Alt: cbet2 = hypot(csig2, salp0 * ssig2); */
+ cbet2 = hypotx(l->salp0, l->calp0 * csig2);
+ if (cbet2 == 0)
+ /* I.e., salp0 = 0, csig2 = 0. Break the degeneracy in this case */
+ cbet2 = csig2 = tiny;
+ /* tan(omg2) = sin(alp0) * tan(sig2) */
+ somg2 = l->salp0 * ssig2; comg2 = csig2; /* No need to normalize */
+ /* tan(alp0) = cos(sig2)*tan(alp2) */
+ salp2 = l->salp0; calp2 = l->calp0 * csig2; /* No need to normalize */
+ /* omg12 = omg2 - omg1 */
+ omg12 = atan2(somg2 * l->comg1 - comg2 * l->somg1,
+ comg2 * l->comg1 + somg2 * l->somg1);
+
+ if (outmask & DISTANCE)
+ s12 = arcmode ? l->b * ((1 + l->A1m1) * sig12 + AB1) : s12_a12;
+
+ if (outmask & LONGITUDE) {
+ lam12 = omg12 + l->A3c *
+ ( sig12 + (SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig2, csig2, l->C3a, nC3-1)
+ - l->B31));
+ lon12 = lam12 / degree;
+ /* Use AngNormalize2 because longitude might have wrapped multiple
+ * times. */
+ lon12 = AngNormalize2(lon12);
+ lon2 = AngNormalize(l->lon1 + lon12);
+ }
+
+ if (outmask & LATITUDE)
+ lat2 = atan2(sbet2, l->f1 * cbet2) / degree;
+
+ if (outmask & AZIMUTH)
+ /* minus signs give range [-180, 180). 0- converts -0 to +0. */
+ azi2 = 0 - atan2(-salp2, calp2) / degree;
+
+ if (outmask & (REDUCEDLENGTH | GEODESICSCALE)) {
+ real
+ B22 = SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig2, csig2, l->C2a, nC2),
+ AB2 = (1 + l->A2m1) * (B22 - l->B21),
+ J12 = (l->A1m1 - l->A2m1) * sig12 + (AB1 - AB2);
+ if (outmask & REDUCEDLENGTH)
+ /* Add parens around (csig1 * ssig2) and (ssig1 * csig2) to ensure
+ * accurate cancellation in the case of coincident points. */
+ m12 = l->b * ((dn2 * (l->csig1 * ssig2) - l->dn1 * (l->ssig1 * csig2))
+ - l->csig1 * csig2 * J12);
+ if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE) {
+ real t = l->k2 * (ssig2 - l->ssig1) * (ssig2 + l->ssig1) / (l->dn1 + dn2);
+ M12 = csig12 + (t * ssig2 - csig2 * J12) * l->ssig1 / l->dn1;
+ M21 = csig12 - (t * l->ssig1 - l->csig1 * J12) * ssig2 / dn2;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (outmask & AREA) {
+ real
+ B42 = SinCosSeries(FALSE, ssig2, csig2, l->C4a, nC4);
+ real salp12, calp12;
+ if (l->calp0 == 0 || l->salp0 == 0) {
+ /* alp12 = alp2 - alp1, used in atan2 so no need to normalized */
+ salp12 = salp2 * l->calp1 - calp2 * l->salp1;
+ calp12 = calp2 * l->calp1 + salp2 * l->salp1;
+ /* The right thing appears to happen if alp1 = +/-180 and alp2 = 0, viz
+ * salp12 = -0 and alp12 = -180. However this depends on the sign being
+ * attached to 0 correctly. The following ensures the correct
+ * behavior. */
+ if (salp12 == 0 && calp12 < 0) {
+ salp12 = tiny * l->calp1;
+ calp12 = -1;
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* tan(alp) = tan(alp0) * sec(sig)
+ * tan(alp2-alp1) = (tan(alp2) -tan(alp1)) / (tan(alp2)*tan(alp1)+1)
+ * = calp0 * salp0 * (csig1-csig2) / (salp0^2 + calp0^2 * csig1*csig2)
+ * If csig12 > 0, write
+ * csig1 - csig2 = ssig12 * (csig1 * ssig12 / (1 + csig12) + ssig1)
+ * else
+ * csig1 - csig2 = csig1 * (1 - csig12) + ssig12 * ssig1
+ * No need to normalize */
+ salp12 = l->calp0 * l->salp0 *
+ (csig12 <= 0 ? l->csig1 * (1 - csig12) + ssig12 * l->ssig1 :
+ ssig12 * (l->csig1 * ssig12 / (1 + csig12) + l->ssig1));
+ calp12 = sq(l->salp0) + sq(l->calp0) * l->csig1 * csig2;
+ }
+ S12 = l->c2 * atan2(salp12, calp12) + l->A4 * (B42 - l->B41);
+ }
+
+ if (outmask & LATITUDE)
+ *plat2 = lat2;
+ if (outmask & LONGITUDE)
+ *plon2 = lon2;
+ if (outmask & AZIMUTH)
+ *pazi2 = azi2;
+ if (outmask & DISTANCE)
+ *ps12 = s12;
+ if (outmask & REDUCEDLENGTH)
+ *pm12 = m12;
+ if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE) {
+ if (pM12) *pM12 = M12;
+ if (pM21) *pM21 = M21;
+ }
+ if (outmask & AREA)
+ *pS12 = S12;
+
+ return arcmode ? s12_a12 : sig12 / degree;
+}
+
+void Position(const struct GeodesicLine* l, real s12,
+ real* plat2, real* plon2, real* pazi2) {
+ GenPosition(l, FALSE, s12, plat2, plon2, pazi2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+real GenDirect(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real lat1, real lon1, real azi1,
+ boolx arcmode, real s12_a12,
+ real* plat2, real* plon2, real* pazi2,
+ real* ps12, real* pm12, real* pM12, real* pM21,
+ real* pS12) {
+ struct GeodesicLine l;
+ unsigned outmask =
+ (plat2 ? LATITUDE : 0U) |
+ (plon2 ? LONGITUDE : 0U) |
+ (pazi2 ? AZIMUTH : 0U) |
+ (ps12 ? DISTANCE : 0U) |
+ (pm12 ? REDUCEDLENGTH : 0U) |
+ (pM12 || pM21 ? GEODESICSCALE : 0U) |
+ (pS12 ? AREA : 0U);
+
+ GeodesicLineInit(&l, g, lat1, lon1, azi1,
+ /* Automatically supply DISTANCE_IN if necessary */
+ outmask | (arcmode ? NONE : DISTANCE_IN));
+ return GenPosition(&l, arcmode, s12_a12,
+ plat2, plon2, pazi2, ps12, pm12, pM12, pM21, pS12);
+}
+
+void Direct(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real lat1, real lon1, real azi1,
+ real s12,
+ real* plat2, real* plon2, real* pazi2) {
+ GenDirect(g, lat1, lon1, azi1, FALSE, s12, plat2, plon2, pazi2,
+ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+real GenInverse(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real lat1, real lon1, real lat2, real lon2,
+ real* ps12, real* pazi1, real* pazi2,
+ real* pm12, real* pM12, real* pM21, real* pS12) {
+ real s12 = 0, azi1 = 0, azi2 = 0, m12 = 0, M12 = 0, M21 = 0, S12 = 0;
+ real lon12;
+ int latsign, lonsign, swapp;
+ real phi, sbet1, cbet1, sbet2, cbet2, s12x = 0, m12x = 0;
+ real dn1, dn2, lam12, slam12, clam12;
+ real a12 = 0, sig12, calp1 = 0, salp1 = 0, calp2 = 0, salp2 = 0;
+ /* index zero elements of these arrays are unused */
+ real C1a[nC1 + 1], C2a[nC2 + 1], C3a[nC3];
+ boolx meridian;
+ real omg12 = 0;
+
+ unsigned outmask =
+ (ps12 ? DISTANCE : 0U) |
+ (pazi1 || pazi2 ? AZIMUTH : 0U) |
+ (pm12 ? REDUCEDLENGTH : 0U) |
+ (pM12 || pM21 ? GEODESICSCALE : 0U) |
+ (pS12 ? AREA : 0U);
+
+ outmask &= OUT_ALL;
+ lon12 = AngNormalize(AngNormalize(lon2) -
+ AngNormalize(lon1));
+ /* If very close to being on the same meridian, then make it so.
+ * Not sure this is necessary... */
+ lon12 = AngRound(lon12);
+ /* Make longitude difference positive. */
+ lonsign = lon12 >= 0 ? 1 : -1;
+ lon12 *= lonsign;
+ if (lon12 == 180)
+ lonsign = 1;
+ /* If really close to the equator, treat as on equator. */
+ lat1 = AngRound(lat1);
+ lat2 = AngRound(lat2);
+ /* Swap points so that point with higher (abs) latitude is point 1 */
+ swapp = fabs(lat1) >= fabs(lat2) ? 1 : -1;
+ if (swapp < 0) {
+ lonsign *= -1;
+ swapx(&lat1, &lat2);
+ }
+ /* Make lat1 <= 0 */
+ latsign = lat1 < 0 ? 1 : -1;
+ lat1 *= latsign;
+ lat2 *= latsign;
+ /* Now we have
+ *
+ * 0 <= lon12 <= 180
+ * -90 <= lat1 <= 0
+ * lat1 <= lat2 <= -lat1
+ *
+ * longsign, swapp, latsign register the transformation to bring the
+ * coordinates to this canonical form. In all cases, 1 means no change was
+ * made. We make these transformations so that there are few cases to
+ * check, e.g., on verifying quadrants in atan2. In addition, this
+ * enforces some symmetries in the results returned. */
+
+ phi = lat1 * degree;
+ /* Ensure cbet1 = +epsilon at poles */
+ sbet1 = g->f1 * sin(phi);
+ cbet1 = lat1 == -90 ? tiny : cos(phi);
+ SinCosNorm(&sbet1, &cbet1);
+
+ phi = lat2 * degree;
+ /* Ensure cbet2 = +epsilon at poles */
+ sbet2 = g->f1 * sin(phi);
+ cbet2 = fabs(lat2) == 90 ? tiny : cos(phi);
+ SinCosNorm(&sbet2, &cbet2);
+
+ /* If cbet1 < -sbet1, then cbet2 - cbet1 is a sensitive measure of the
+ * |bet1| - |bet2|. Alternatively (cbet1 >= -sbet1), abs(sbet2) + sbet1 is
+ * a better measure. This logic is used in assigning calp2 in Lambda12.
+ * Sometimes these quantities vanish and in that case we force bet2 = +/-
+ * bet1 exactly. An example where is is necessary is the inverse problem
+ * 48.522876735459 0 -48.52287673545898293 179.599720456223079643
+ * which failed with Visual Studio 10 (Release and Debug) */
+
+ if (cbet1 < -sbet1) {
+ if (cbet2 == cbet1)
+ sbet2 = sbet2 < 0 ? sbet1 : -sbet1;
+ } else {
+ if (fabs(sbet2) == -sbet1)
+ cbet2 = cbet1;
+ }
+
+ dn1 = sqrt(1 + g->ep2 * sq(sbet1));
+ dn2 = sqrt(1 + g->ep2 * sq(sbet2));
+
+ lam12 = lon12 * degree;
+ slam12 = lon12 == 180 ? 0 : sin(lam12);
+ clam12 = cos(lam12); /* lon12 == 90 isn't interesting */
+
+
+ meridian = lat1 == -90 || slam12 == 0;
+
+ if (meridian) {
+
+ /* Endpoints are on a single full meridian, so the geodesic might lie on
+ * a meridian. */
+
+ real ssig1, csig1, ssig2, csig2;
+ calp1 = clam12; salp1 = slam12; /* Head to the target longitude */
+ calp2 = 1; salp2 = 0; /* At the target we're heading north */
+
+ /* tan(bet) = tan(sig) * cos(alp) */
+ ssig1 = sbet1; csig1 = calp1 * cbet1;
+ ssig2 = sbet2; csig2 = calp2 * cbet2;
+
+ /* sig12 = sig2 - sig1 */
+ sig12 = atan2(maxx(csig1 * ssig2 - ssig1 * csig2, (real)(0)),
+ csig1 * csig2 + ssig1 * ssig2);
+ {
+ real dummy;
+ Lengths(g, g->n, sig12, ssig1, csig1, dn1, ssig2, csig2, dn2,
+ cbet1, cbet2, &s12x, &m12x, &dummy,
+ (outmask & GEODESICSCALE) != 0U, &M12, &M21, C1a, C2a);
+ }
+ /* Add the check for sig12 since zero length geodesics might yield m12 <
+ * 0. Test case was
+ *
+ * echo 20.001 0 20.001 0 | Geod -i
+ *
+ * In fact, we will have sig12 > pi/2 for meridional geodesic which is
+ * not a shortest path. */
+ if (sig12 < 1 || m12x >= 0) {
+ m12x *= g->b;
+ s12x *= g->b;
+ a12 = sig12 / degree;
+ } else
+ /* m12 < 0, i.e., prolate and too close to anti-podal */
+ meridian = FALSE;
+ }
+
+ if (!meridian &&
+ sbet1 == 0 && /* and sbet2 == 0 */
+ /* Mimic the way Lambda12 works with calp1 = 0 */
+ (g->f <= 0 || lam12 <= pi - g->f * pi)) {
+
+ /* Geodesic runs along equator */
+ calp1 = calp2 = 0; salp1 = salp2 = 1;
+ s12x = g->a * lam12;
+ sig12 = omg12 = lam12 / g->f1;
+ m12x = g->b * sin(sig12);
+ if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE)
+ M12 = M21 = cos(sig12);
+ a12 = lon12 / g->f1;
+
+ } else if (!meridian) {
+
+ /* Now point1 and point2 belong within a hemisphere bounded by a
+ * meridian and geodesic is neither meridional or equatorial. */
+
+ /* Figure a starting point for Newton's method */
+ sig12 = InverseStart(g, sbet1, cbet1, dn1, sbet2, cbet2, dn2,
+ lam12,
+ &salp1, &calp1, &salp2, &calp2,
+ C1a, C2a);
+
+ if (sig12 >= 0) {
+ /* Short lines (InverseStart sets salp2, calp2) */
+ real dnm = (dn1 + dn2) / 2;
+ s12x = sig12 * g->b * dnm;
+ m12x = sq(dnm) * g->b * sin(sig12 / dnm);
+ if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE)
+ M12 = M21 = cos(sig12 / dnm);
+ a12 = sig12 / degree;
+ omg12 = lam12 / (g->f1 * dnm);
+ } else {
+
+ /* Newton's method. This is a straightforward solution of f(alp1) =
+ * lambda12(alp1) - lam12 = 0 with one wrinkle. f(alp) has exactly one
+ * root in the interval (0, pi) and its derivative is positive at the
+ * root. Thus f(alp) is positive for alp > alp1 and negative for alp <
+ * alp1. During the course of the iteration, a range (alp1a, alp1b) is
+ * maintained which brackets the root and with each evaluation of
+ * f(alp) the range is shrunk, if possible. Newton's method is
+ * restarted whenever the derivative of f is negative (because the new
+ * value of alp1 is then further from the solution) or if the new
+ * estimate of alp1 lies outside (0,pi); in this case, the new starting
+ * guess is taken to be (alp1a + alp1b) / 2. */
+ real ssig1 = 0, csig1 = 0, ssig2 = 0, csig2 = 0, eps = 0;
+ unsigned numit = 0;
+ /* Bracketing range */
+ real salp1a = tiny, calp1a = 1, salp1b = tiny, calp1b = -1;
+ boolx tripn, tripb;
+ for (tripn = FALSE, tripb = FALSE; numit < maxit2; ++numit) {
+ /* the WGS84 test set: mean = 1.47, sd = 1.25, max = 16
+ * WGS84 and random input: mean = 2.85, sd = 0.60 */
+ real dv,
+ v = (Lambda12(g, sbet1, cbet1, dn1, sbet2, cbet2, dn2, salp1, calp1,
+ &salp2, &calp2, &sig12, &ssig1, &csig1, &ssig2, &csig2,
+ &eps, &omg12, numit < maxit1, &dv, C1a, C2a, C3a)
+ - lam12);
+ /* 2 * tol0 is approximately 1 ulp for a number in [0, pi]. */
+ if (tripb || fabs(v) < (tripn ? 8 : 2) * tol0) break;
+ /* Update bracketing values */
+ if (v > 0 && (numit > maxit1 || calp1/salp1 > calp1b/salp1b)) {
+ salp1b = salp1; calp1b = calp1;
+ } else if (numit > maxit1 || calp1/salp1 < calp1a/salp1a) {
+ salp1a = salp1; calp1a = calp1;
+ }
+ if (numit < maxit1 && dv > 0) {
+ real
+ dalp1 = -v/dv;
+ real
+ sdalp1 = sin(dalp1), cdalp1 = cos(dalp1),
+ nsalp1 = salp1 * cdalp1 + calp1 * sdalp1;
+ if (nsalp1 > 0 && fabs(dalp1) < pi) {
+ calp1 = calp1 * cdalp1 - salp1 * sdalp1;
+ salp1 = nsalp1;
+ SinCosNorm(&salp1, &calp1);
+ /* In some regimes we don't get quadratic convergence because
+ * slope -> 0. So use convergence conditions based on epsilon
+ * instead of sqrt(epsilon). */
+ tripn = fabs(v) <= 16 * tol0;
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+ /* Either dv was not postive or updated value was outside legal
+ * range. Use the midpoint of the bracket as the next estimate.
+ * This mechanism is not needed for the WGS84 ellipsoid, but it does
+ * catch problems with more eccentric ellipsoids. Its efficacy is
+ * such for the WGS84 test set with the starting guess set to alp1 =
+ * 90deg:
+ * the WGS84 test set: mean = 5.21, sd = 3.93, max = 24
+ * WGS84 and random input: mean = 4.74, sd = 0.99 */
+ salp1 = (salp1a + salp1b)/2;
+ calp1 = (calp1a + calp1b)/2;
+ SinCosNorm(&salp1, &calp1);
+ tripn = FALSE;
+ tripb = (fabs(salp1a - salp1) + (calp1a - calp1) < tolb ||
+ fabs(salp1 - salp1b) + (calp1 - calp1b) < tolb);
+ }
+ {
+ real dummy;
+ Lengths(g, eps, sig12, ssig1, csig1, dn1, ssig2, csig2, dn2,
+ cbet1, cbet2, &s12x, &m12x, &dummy,
+ (outmask & GEODESICSCALE) != 0U, &M12, &M21, C1a, C2a);
+ }
+ m12x *= g->b;
+ s12x *= g->b;
+ a12 = sig12 / degree;
+ omg12 = lam12 - omg12;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (outmask & DISTANCE)
+ s12 = 0 + s12x; /* Convert -0 to 0 */
+
+ if (outmask & REDUCEDLENGTH)
+ m12 = 0 + m12x; /* Convert -0 to 0 */
+
+ if (outmask & AREA) {
+ real
+ /* From Lambda12: sin(alp1) * cos(bet1) = sin(alp0) */
+ salp0 = salp1 * cbet1,
+ calp0 = hypotx(calp1, salp1 * sbet1); /* calp0 > 0 */
+ real alp12;
+ if (calp0 != 0 && salp0 != 0) {
+ real
+ /* From Lambda12: tan(bet) = tan(sig) * cos(alp) */
+ ssig1 = sbet1, csig1 = calp1 * cbet1,
+ ssig2 = sbet2, csig2 = calp2 * cbet2,
+ k2 = sq(calp0) * g->ep2,
+ eps = k2 / (2 * (1 + sqrt(1 + k2)) + k2),
+ /* Multiplier = a^2 * e^2 * cos(alpha0) * sin(alpha0). */
+ A4 = sq(g->a) * calp0 * salp0 * g->e2;
+ real C4a[nC4];
+ real B41, B42;
+ SinCosNorm(&ssig1, &csig1);
+ SinCosNorm(&ssig2, &csig2);
+ C4f(g, eps, C4a);
+ B41 = SinCosSeries(FALSE, ssig1, csig1, C4a, nC4);
+ B42 = SinCosSeries(FALSE, ssig2, csig2, C4a, nC4);
+ S12 = A4 * (B42 - B41);
+ } else
+ /* Avoid problems with indeterminate sig1, sig2 on equator */
+ S12 = 0;
+
+ if (!meridian &&
+ omg12 < (real)(0.75) * pi && /* Long difference too big */
+ sbet2 - sbet1 < (real)(1.75)) { /* Lat difference too big */
+ /* Use tan(Gamma/2) = tan(omg12/2)
+ * * (tan(bet1/2)+tan(bet2/2))/(1+tan(bet1/2)*tan(bet2/2))
+ * with tan(x/2) = sin(x)/(1+cos(x)) */
+ real
+ somg12 = sin(omg12), domg12 = 1 + cos(omg12),
+ dbet1 = 1 + cbet1, dbet2 = 1 + cbet2;
+ alp12 = 2 * atan2( somg12 * ( sbet1 * dbet2 + sbet2 * dbet1 ),
+ domg12 * ( sbet1 * sbet2 + dbet1 * dbet2 ) );
+ } else {
+ /* alp12 = alp2 - alp1, used in atan2 so no need to normalize */
+ real
+ salp12 = salp2 * calp1 - calp2 * salp1,
+ calp12 = calp2 * calp1 + salp2 * salp1;
+ /* The right thing appears to happen if alp1 = +/-180 and alp2 = 0, viz
+ * salp12 = -0 and alp12 = -180. However this depends on the sign
+ * being attached to 0 correctly. The following ensures the correct
+ * behavior. */
+ if (salp12 == 0 && calp12 < 0) {
+ salp12 = tiny * calp1;
+ calp12 = -1;
+ }
+ alp12 = atan2(salp12, calp12);
+ }
+ S12 += g->c2 * alp12;
+ S12 *= swapp * lonsign * latsign;
+ /* Convert -0 to 0 */
+ S12 += 0;
+ }
+
+ /* Convert calp, salp to azimuth accounting for lonsign, swapp, latsign. */
+ if (swapp < 0) {
+ swapx(&salp1, &salp2);
+ swapx(&calp1, &calp2);
+ if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE)
+ swapx(&M12, &M21);
+ }
+
+ salp1 *= swapp * lonsign; calp1 *= swapp * latsign;
+ salp2 *= swapp * lonsign; calp2 *= swapp * latsign;
+
+ if (outmask & AZIMUTH) {
+ /* minus signs give range [-180, 180). 0- converts -0 to +0. */
+ azi1 = 0 - atan2(-salp1, calp1) / degree;
+ azi2 = 0 - atan2(-salp2, calp2) / degree;
+ }
+
+ if (outmask & DISTANCE)
+ *ps12 = s12;
+ if (outmask & AZIMUTH) {
+ if (pazi1) *pazi1 = azi1;
+ if (pazi2) *pazi2 = azi2;
+ }
+ if (outmask & REDUCEDLENGTH)
+ *pm12 = m12;
+ if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE) {
+ if (pM12) *pM12 = M12;
+ if (pM21) *pM21 = M21;
+ }
+ if (outmask & AREA)
+ *pS12 = S12;
+
+ /* Returned value in [0, 180] */
+ return a12;
+}
+
+void Inverse(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ double lat1, double lon1, double lat2, double lon2,
+ double* ps12, double* pazi1, double* pazi2) {
+ GenInverse(g, lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, ps12, pazi1, pazi2, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+real SinCosSeries(boolx sinp,
+ real sinx, real cosx,
+ const real c[], int n) {
+ /* Evaluate
+ * y = sinp ? sum(c[i] * sin( 2*i * x), i, 1, n) :
+ * sum(c[i] * cos((2*i+1) * x), i, 0, n-1)
+ * using Clenshaw summation. N.B. c[0] is unused for sin series
+ * Approx operation count = (n + 5) mult and (2 * n + 2) add */
+ real ar, y0, y1;
+ c += (n + sinp); /* Point to one beyond last element */
+ ar = 2 * (cosx - sinx) * (cosx + sinx); /* 2 * cos(2 * x) */
+ y0 = n & 1 ? *--c : 0; y1 = 0; /* accumulators for sum */
+ /* Now n is even */
+ n /= 2;
+ while (n--) {
+ /* Unroll loop x 2, so accumulators return to their original role */
+ y1 = ar * y0 - y1 + *--c;
+ y0 = ar * y1 - y0 + *--c;
+ }
+ return sinp
+ ? 2 * sinx * cosx * y0 /* sin(2 * x) * y0 */
+ : cosx * (y0 - y1); /* cos(x) * (y0 - y1) */
+}
+
+void Lengths(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real eps, real sig12,
+ real ssig1, real csig1, real dn1,
+ real ssig2, real csig2, real dn2,
+ real cbet1, real cbet2,
+ real* ps12b, real* pm12b, real* pm0,
+ boolx scalep, real* pM12, real* pM21,
+ /* Scratch areas of the right size */
+ real C1a[], real C2a[]) {
+ real s12b = 0, m12b = 0, m0 = 0, M12 = 0, M21 = 0;
+ real A1m1, AB1, A2m1, AB2, J12;
+
+ /* Return m12b = (reduced length)/b; also calculate s12b = distance/b,
+ * and m0 = coefficient of secular term in expression for reduced length. */
+ C1f(eps, C1a);
+ C2f(eps, C2a);
+ A1m1 = A1m1f(eps);
+ AB1 = (1 + A1m1) * (SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig2, csig2, C1a, nC1) -
+ SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig1, csig1, C1a, nC1));
+ A2m1 = A2m1f(eps);
+ AB2 = (1 + A2m1) * (SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig2, csig2, C2a, nC2) -
+ SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig1, csig1, C2a, nC2));
+ m0 = A1m1 - A2m1;
+ J12 = m0 * sig12 + (AB1 - AB2);
+ /* Missing a factor of b.
+ * Add parens around (csig1 * ssig2) and (ssig1 * csig2) to ensure accurate
+ * cancellation in the case of coincident points. */
+ m12b = dn2 * (csig1 * ssig2) - dn1 * (ssig1 * csig2) - csig1 * csig2 * J12;
+ /* Missing a factor of b */
+ s12b = (1 + A1m1) * sig12 + AB1;
+ if (scalep) {
+ real csig12 = csig1 * csig2 + ssig1 * ssig2;
+ real t = g->ep2 * (cbet1 - cbet2) * (cbet1 + cbet2) / (dn1 + dn2);
+ M12 = csig12 + (t * ssig2 - csig2 * J12) * ssig1 / dn1;
+ M21 = csig12 - (t * ssig1 - csig1 * J12) * ssig2 / dn2;
+ }
+ *ps12b = s12b;
+ *pm12b = m12b;
+ *pm0 = m0;
+ if (scalep) {
+ *pM12 = M12;
+ *pM21 = M21;
+ }
+}
+
+real Astroid(real x, real y) {
+ /* Solve k^4+2*k^3-(x^2+y^2-1)*k^2-2*y^2*k-y^2 = 0 for positive root k.
+ * This solution is adapted from Geocentric::Reverse. */
+ real k;
+ real
+ p = sq(x),
+ q = sq(y),
+ r = (p + q - 1) / 6;
+ if ( !(q == 0 && r <= 0) ) {
+ real
+ /* Avoid possible division by zero when r = 0 by multiplying equations
+ * for s and t by r^3 and r, resp. */
+ S = p * q / 4, /* S = r^3 * s */
+ r2 = sq(r),
+ r3 = r * r2,
+ /* The discrimant of the quadratic equation for T3. This is zero on
+ * the evolute curve p^(1/3)+q^(1/3) = 1 */
+ disc = S * (S + 2 * r3);
+ real u = r;
+ real v, uv, w;
+ if (disc >= 0) {
+ real T3 = S + r3, T;
+ /* Pick the sign on the sqrt to maximize abs(T3). This minimizes loss
+ * of precision due to cancellation. The result is unchanged because
+ * of the way the T is used in definition of u. */
+ T3 += T3 < 0 ? -sqrt(disc) : sqrt(disc); /* T3 = (r * t)^3 */
+ /* N.B. cbrtx always returns the real root. cbrtx(-8) = -2. */
+ T = cbrtx(T3); /* T = r * t */
+ /* T can be zero; but then r2 / T -> 0. */
+ u += T + (T != 0 ? r2 / T : 0);
+ } else {
+ /* T is complex, but the way u is defined the result is real. */
+ real ang = atan2(sqrt(-disc), -(S + r3));
+ /* There are three possible cube roots. We choose the root which
+ * avoids cancellation. Note that disc < 0 implies that r < 0. */
+ u += 2 * r * cos(ang / 3);
+ }
+ v = sqrt(sq(u) + q); /* guaranteed positive */
+ /* Avoid loss of accuracy when u < 0. */
+ uv = u < 0 ? q / (v - u) : u + v; /* u+v, guaranteed positive */
+ w = (uv - q) / (2 * v); /* positive? */
+ /* Rearrange expression for k to avoid loss of accuracy due to
+ * subtraction. Division by 0 not possible because uv > 0, w >= 0. */
+ k = uv / (sqrt(uv + sq(w)) + w); /* guaranteed positive */
+ } else { /* q == 0 && r <= 0 */
+ /* y = 0 with |x| <= 1. Handle this case directly.
+ * for y small, positive root is k = abs(y)/sqrt(1-x^2) */
+ k = 0;
+ }
+ return k;
+}
+
+real InverseStart(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real sbet1, real cbet1, real dn1,
+ real sbet2, real cbet2, real dn2,
+ real lam12,
+ real* psalp1, real* pcalp1,
+ /* Only updated if return val >= 0 */
+ real* psalp2, real* pcalp2,
+ /* Scratch areas of the right size */
+ real C1a[], real C2a[]) {
+ real salp1 = 0, calp1 = 0, salp2 = 0, calp2 = 0;
+
+ /* Return a starting point for Newton's method in salp1 and calp1 (function
+ * value is -1). If Newton's method doesn't need to be used, return also
+ * salp2 and calp2 and function value is sig12. */
+ real
+ sig12 = -1, /* Return value */
+ /* bet12 = bet2 - bet1 in [0, pi); bet12a = bet2 + bet1 in (-pi, 0] */
+ sbet12 = sbet2 * cbet1 - cbet2 * sbet1,
+ cbet12 = cbet2 * cbet1 + sbet2 * sbet1;
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 4 && \
+ (__GNUC_MINOR__ < 6 || defined(__MINGW32__))
+ /* Volatile declaration needed to fix inverse cases
+ * 88.202499451857 0 -88.202499451857 179.981022032992859592
+ * 89.262080389218 0 -89.262080389218 179.992207982775375662
+ * 89.333123580033 0 -89.333123580032997687 179.99295812360148422
+ * which otherwise fail with g++ 4.4.4 x86 -O3 (Linux)
+ * and g++ 4.4.0 (mingw) and g++ 4.6.1 (tdm mingw). */
+ real sbet12a;
+ {
+ volatile real xx1 = sbet2 * cbet1;
+ volatile real xx2 = cbet2 * sbet1;
+ sbet12a = xx1 + xx2;
+ }
+#else
+ real sbet12a = sbet2 * cbet1 + cbet2 * sbet1;
+#endif
+ boolx shortline = cbet12 >= 0 && sbet12 < (real)(0.5) &&
+ lam12 <= pi / 6;
+ real
+ omg12 = !shortline ? lam12 : lam12 / (g->f1 * (dn1 + dn2) / 2),
+ somg12 = sin(omg12), comg12 = cos(omg12);
+ real ssig12, csig12;
+
+ salp1 = cbet2 * somg12;
+ calp1 = comg12 >= 0 ?
+ sbet12 + cbet2 * sbet1 * sq(somg12) / (1 + comg12) :
+ sbet12a - cbet2 * sbet1 * sq(somg12) / (1 - comg12);
+
+ ssig12 = hypotx(salp1, calp1);
+ csig12 = sbet1 * sbet2 + cbet1 * cbet2 * comg12;
+
+ if (shortline && ssig12 < g->etol2) {
+ /* really short lines */
+ salp2 = cbet1 * somg12;
+ calp2 = sbet12 - cbet1 * sbet2 * sq(somg12) / (1 + comg12);
+ SinCosNorm(&salp2, &calp2);
+ /* Set return value */
+ sig12 = atan2(ssig12, csig12);
+ } else if (fabs(g->n) > (real)(0.1) || /* No astroid calc if too eccentric */
+ csig12 >= 0 ||
+ ssig12 >= 6 * fabs(g->n) * pi * sq(cbet1)) {
+ /* Nothing to do, zeroth order spherical approximation is OK */
+ } else {
+ /* Scale lam12 and bet2 to x, y coordinate system where antipodal point
+ * is at origin and singular point is at y = 0, x = -1. */
+ real y, lamscale, betscale;
+ /* Volatile declaration needed to fix inverse case
+ * 56.320923501171 0 -56.320923501171 179.664747671772880215
+ * which otherwise fails with g++ 4.4.4 x86 -O3 */
+ volatile real x;
+ if (g->f >= 0) { /* In fact f == 0 does not get here */
+ /* x = dlong, y = dlat */
+ {
+ real
+ k2 = sq(sbet1) * g->ep2,
+ eps = k2 / (2 * (1 + sqrt(1 + k2)) + k2);
+ lamscale = g->f * cbet1 * A3f(g, eps) * pi;
+ }
+ betscale = lamscale * cbet1;
+
+ x = (lam12 - pi) / lamscale;
+ y = sbet12a / betscale;
+ } else { /* f < 0 */
+ /* x = dlat, y = dlong */
+ real
+ cbet12a = cbet2 * cbet1 - sbet2 * sbet1,
+ bet12a = atan2(sbet12a, cbet12a);
+ real m12b, m0, dummy;
+ /* In the case of lon12 = 180, this repeats a calculation made in
+ * Inverse. */
+ Lengths(g, g->n, pi + bet12a,
+ sbet1, -cbet1, dn1, sbet2, cbet2, dn2,
+ cbet1, cbet2, &dummy, &m12b, &m0, FALSE,
+ &dummy, &dummy, C1a, C2a);
+ x = -1 + m12b / (cbet1 * cbet2 * m0 * pi);
+ betscale = x < -(real)(0.01) ? sbet12a / x :
+ -g->f * sq(cbet1) * pi;
+ lamscale = betscale / cbet1;
+ y = (lam12 - pi) / lamscale;
+ }
+
+ if (y > -tol1 && x > -1 - xthresh) {
+ /* strip near cut */
+ if (g->f >= 0) {
+ salp1 = minx((real)(1), -(real)(x)); calp1 = - sqrt(1 - sq(salp1));
+ } else {
+ calp1 = maxx((real)(x > -tol1 ? 0 : -1), (real)(x));
+ salp1 = sqrt(1 - sq(calp1));
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* Estimate alp1, by solving the astroid problem.
+ *
+ * Could estimate alpha1 = theta + pi/2, directly, i.e.,
+ * calp1 = y/k; salp1 = -x/(1+k); for f >= 0
+ * calp1 = x/(1+k); salp1 = -y/k; for f < 0 (need to check)
+ *
+ * However, it's better to estimate omg12 from astroid and use
+ * spherical formula to compute alp1. This reduces the mean number of
+ * Newton iterations for astroid cases from 2.24 (min 0, max 6) to 2.12
+ * (min 0 max 5). The changes in the number of iterations are as
+ * follows:
+ *
+ * change percent
+ * 1 5
+ * 0 78
+ * -1 16
+ * -2 0.6
+ * -3 0.04
+ * -4 0.002
+ *
+ * The histogram of iterations is (m = number of iterations estimating
+ * alp1 directly, n = number of iterations estimating via omg12, total
+ * number of trials = 148605):
+ *
+ * iter m n
+ * 0 148 186
+ * 1 13046 13845
+ * 2 93315 102225
+ * 3 36189 32341
+ * 4 5396 7
+ * 5 455 1
+ * 6 56 0
+ *
+ * Because omg12 is near pi, estimate work with omg12a = pi - omg12 */
+ real k = Astroid(x, y);
+ real
+ omg12a = lamscale * ( g->f >= 0 ? -x * k/(1 + k) : -y * (1 + k)/k );
+ somg12 = sin(omg12a); comg12 = -cos(omg12a);
+ /* Update spherical estimate of alp1 using omg12 instead of lam12 */
+ salp1 = cbet2 * somg12;
+ calp1 = sbet12a - cbet2 * sbet1 * sq(somg12) / (1 - comg12);
+ }
+ }
+ if (salp1 > 0) /* Sanity check on starting guess */
+ SinCosNorm(&salp1, &calp1);
+ else {
+ salp1 = 1; calp1 = 0;
+ }
+
+ *psalp1 = salp1;
+ *pcalp1 = calp1;
+ if (sig12 >= 0) {
+ *psalp2 = salp2;
+ *pcalp2 = calp2;
+ }
+ return sig12;
+}
+
+real Lambda12(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ real sbet1, real cbet1, real dn1,
+ real sbet2, real cbet2, real dn2,
+ real salp1, real calp1,
+ real* psalp2, real* pcalp2,
+ real* psig12,
+ real* pssig1, real* pcsig1,
+ real* pssig2, real* pcsig2,
+ real* peps, real* pdomg12,
+ boolx diffp, real* pdlam12,
+ /* Scratch areas of the right size */
+ real C1a[], real C2a[], real C3a[]) {
+ real salp2 = 0, calp2 = 0, sig12 = 0,
+ ssig1 = 0, csig1 = 0, ssig2 = 0, csig2 = 0, eps = 0, domg12 = 0, dlam12 = 0;
+ real salp0, calp0;
+ real somg1, comg1, somg2, comg2, omg12, lam12;
+ real B312, h0, k2;
+
+ if (sbet1 == 0 && calp1 == 0)
+ /* Break degeneracy of equatorial line. This case has already been
+ * handled. */
+ calp1 = -tiny;
+
+ /* sin(alp1) * cos(bet1) = sin(alp0) */
+ salp0 = salp1 * cbet1;
+ calp0 = hypotx(calp1, salp1 * sbet1); /* calp0 > 0 */
+
+ /* tan(bet1) = tan(sig1) * cos(alp1)
+ * tan(omg1) = sin(alp0) * tan(sig1) = tan(omg1)=tan(alp1)*sin(bet1) */
+ ssig1 = sbet1; somg1 = salp0 * sbet1;
+ csig1 = comg1 = calp1 * cbet1;
+ SinCosNorm(&ssig1, &csig1);
+ /* SinCosNorm(&somg1, &comg1); -- don't need to normalize! */
+
+ /* Enforce symmetries in the case abs(bet2) = -bet1. Need to be careful
+ * about this case, since this can yield singularities in the Newton
+ * iteration.
+ * sin(alp2) * cos(bet2) = sin(alp0) */
+ salp2 = cbet2 != cbet1 ? salp0 / cbet2 : salp1;
+ /* calp2 = sqrt(1 - sq(salp2))
+ * = sqrt(sq(calp0) - sq(sbet2)) / cbet2
+ * and subst for calp0 and rearrange to give (choose positive sqrt
+ * to give alp2 in [0, pi/2]). */
+ calp2 = cbet2 != cbet1 || fabs(sbet2) != -sbet1 ?
+ sqrt(sq(calp1 * cbet1) +
+ (cbet1 < -sbet1 ?
+ (cbet2 - cbet1) * (cbet1 + cbet2) :
+ (sbet1 - sbet2) * (sbet1 + sbet2))) / cbet2 :
+ fabs(calp1);
+ /* tan(bet2) = tan(sig2) * cos(alp2)
+ * tan(omg2) = sin(alp0) * tan(sig2). */
+ ssig2 = sbet2; somg2 = salp0 * sbet2;
+ csig2 = comg2 = calp2 * cbet2;
+ SinCosNorm(&ssig2, &csig2);
+ /* SinCosNorm(&somg2, &comg2); -- don't need to normalize! */
+
+ /* sig12 = sig2 - sig1, limit to [0, pi] */
+ sig12 = atan2(maxx(csig1 * ssig2 - ssig1 * csig2, (real)(0)),
+ csig1 * csig2 + ssig1 * ssig2);
+
+ /* omg12 = omg2 - omg1, limit to [0, pi] */
+ omg12 = atan2(maxx(comg1 * somg2 - somg1 * comg2, (real)(0)),
+ comg1 * comg2 + somg1 * somg2);
+ k2 = sq(calp0) * g->ep2;
+ eps = k2 / (2 * (1 + sqrt(1 + k2)) + k2);
+ C3f(g, eps, C3a);
+ B312 = (SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig2, csig2, C3a, nC3-1) -
+ SinCosSeries(TRUE, ssig1, csig1, C3a, nC3-1));
+ h0 = -g->f * A3f(g, eps);
+ domg12 = salp0 * h0 * (sig12 + B312);
+ lam12 = omg12 + domg12;
+
+ if (diffp) {
+ if (calp2 == 0)
+ dlam12 = - 2 * g->f1 * dn1 / sbet1;
+ else {
+ real dummy;
+ Lengths(g, eps, sig12, ssig1, csig1, dn1, ssig2, csig2, dn2,
+ cbet1, cbet2, &dummy, &dlam12, &dummy,
+ FALSE, &dummy, &dummy, C1a, C2a);
+ dlam12 *= g->f1 / (calp2 * cbet2);
+ }
+ }
+
+ *psalp2 = salp2;
+ *pcalp2 = calp2;
+ *psig12 = sig12;
+ *pssig1 = ssig1;
+ *pcsig1 = csig1;
+ *pssig2 = ssig2;
+ *pcsig2 = csig2;
+ *peps = eps;
+ *pdomg12 = domg12;
+ if (diffp)
+ *pdlam12 = dlam12;
+
+ return lam12;
+}
+
+real A3f(const struct Geodesic* g, real eps) {
+ /* Evaluate sum(A3x[k] * eps^k, k, 0, nA3x-1) by Horner's method */
+ real v = 0;
+ int i;
+ for (i = nA3x; i; )
+ v = eps * v + g->A3x[--i];
+ return v;
+}
+
+void C3f(const struct Geodesic* g, real eps, real c[]) {
+ /* Evaluate C3 coeffs by Horner's method
+ * Elements c[1] thru c[nC3 - 1] are set */
+ int i, j, k;
+ real mult = 1;
+ for (j = nC3x, k = nC3 - 1; k; ) {
+ real t = 0;
+ for (i = nC3 - k; i; --i)
+ t = eps * t + g->C3x[--j];
+ c[k--] = t;
+ }
+
+ for (k = 1; k < nC3; ) {
+ mult *= eps;
+ c[k++] *= mult;
+ }
+}
+
+void C4f(const struct Geodesic* g, real eps, real c[]) {
+ /* Evaluate C4 coeffs by Horner's method
+ * Elements c[0] thru c[nC4 - 1] are set */
+ int i, j, k;
+ real mult = 1;
+ for (j = nC4x, k = nC4; k; ) {
+ real t = 0;
+ for (i = nC4 - k + 1; i; --i)
+ t = eps * t + g->C4x[--j];
+ c[--k] = t;
+ }
+
+ for (k = 1; k < nC4; ) {
+ mult *= eps;
+ c[k++] *= mult;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Generated by Maxima on 2010-09-04 10:26:17-04:00 */
+
+/* The scale factor A1-1 = mean value of (d/dsigma)I1 - 1 */
+real A1m1f(real eps) {
+ real
+ eps2 = sq(eps),
+ t = eps2*(eps2*(eps2+4)+64)/256;
+ return (t + eps) / (1 - eps);
+}
+
+/* The coefficients C1[l] in the Fourier expansion of B1 */
+void C1f(real eps, real c[]) {
+ real
+ eps2 = sq(eps),
+ d = eps;
+ c[1] = d*((6-eps2)*eps2-16)/32;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[2] = d*((64-9*eps2)*eps2-128)/2048;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[3] = d*(9*eps2-16)/768;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[4] = d*(3*eps2-5)/512;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[5] = -7*d/1280;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[6] = -7*d/2048;
+}
+
+/* The coefficients C1p[l] in the Fourier expansion of B1p */
+void C1pf(real eps, real c[]) {
+ real
+ eps2 = sq(eps),
+ d = eps;
+ c[1] = d*(eps2*(205*eps2-432)+768)/1536;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[2] = d*(eps2*(4005*eps2-4736)+3840)/12288;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[3] = d*(116-225*eps2)/384;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[4] = d*(2695-7173*eps2)/7680;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[5] = 3467*d/7680;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[6] = 38081*d/61440;
+}
+
+/* The scale factor A2-1 = mean value of (d/dsigma)I2 - 1 */
+real A2m1f(real eps) {
+ real
+ eps2 = sq(eps),
+ t = eps2*(eps2*(25*eps2+36)+64)/256;
+ return t * (1 - eps) - eps;
+}
+
+/* The coefficients C2[l] in the Fourier expansion of B2 */
+void C2f(real eps, real c[]) {
+ real
+ eps2 = sq(eps),
+ d = eps;
+ c[1] = d*(eps2*(eps2+2)+16)/32;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[2] = d*(eps2*(35*eps2+64)+384)/2048;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[3] = d*(15*eps2+80)/768;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[4] = d*(7*eps2+35)/512;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[5] = 63*d/1280;
+ d *= eps;
+ c[6] = 77*d/2048;
+}
+
+/* The scale factor A3 = mean value of (d/dsigma)I3 */
+void A3coeff(struct Geodesic* g) {
+ g->A3x[0] = 1;
+ g->A3x[1] = (g->n-1)/2;
+ g->A3x[2] = (g->n*(3*g->n-1)-2)/8;
+ g->A3x[3] = ((-g->n-3)*g->n-1)/16;
+ g->A3x[4] = (-2*g->n-3)/64;
+ g->A3x[5] = -3/(real)(128);
+}
+
+/* The coefficients C3[l] in the Fourier expansion of B3 */
+void C3coeff(struct Geodesic* g) {
+ g->C3x[0] = (1-g->n)/4;
+ g->C3x[1] = (1-g->n*g->n)/8;
+ g->C3x[2] = ((3-g->n)*g->n+3)/64;
+ g->C3x[3] = (2*g->n+5)/128;
+ g->C3x[4] = 3/(real)(128);
+ g->C3x[5] = ((g->n-3)*g->n+2)/32;
+ g->C3x[6] = ((-3*g->n-2)*g->n+3)/64;
+ g->C3x[7] = (g->n+3)/128;
+ g->C3x[8] = 5/(real)(256);
+ g->C3x[9] = (g->n*(5*g->n-9)+5)/192;
+ g->C3x[10] = (9-10*g->n)/384;
+ g->C3x[11] = 7/(real)(512);
+ g->C3x[12] = (7-14*g->n)/512;
+ g->C3x[13] = 7/(real)(512);
+ g->C3x[14] = 21/(real)(2560);
+}
+
+/* Generated by Maxima on 2012-10-19 08:02:34-04:00 */
+
+/* The coefficients C4[l] in the Fourier expansion of I4 */
+void C4coeff(struct Geodesic* g) {
+ g->C4x[0] = (g->n*(g->n*(g->n*(g->n*(100*g->n+208)+572)+3432)-12012)+30030)/
+ 45045;
+ g->C4x[1] = (g->n*(g->n*(g->n*(64*g->n+624)-4576)+6864)-3003)/15015;
+ g->C4x[2] = (g->n*((14144-10656*g->n)*g->n-4576)-858)/45045;
+ g->C4x[3] = ((-224*g->n-4784)*g->n+1573)/45045;
+ g->C4x[4] = (1088*g->n+156)/45045;
+ g->C4x[5] = 97/(real)(15015);
+ g->C4x[6] = (g->n*(g->n*((-64*g->n-624)*g->n+4576)-6864)+3003)/135135;
+ g->C4x[7] = (g->n*(g->n*(5952*g->n-11648)+9152)-2574)/135135;
+ g->C4x[8] = (g->n*(5792*g->n+1040)-1287)/135135;
+ g->C4x[9] = (468-2944*g->n)/135135;
+ g->C4x[10] = 1/(real)(9009);
+ g->C4x[11] = (g->n*((4160-1440*g->n)*g->n-4576)+1716)/225225;
+ g->C4x[12] = ((4992-8448*g->n)*g->n-1144)/225225;
+ g->C4x[13] = (1856*g->n-936)/225225;
+ g->C4x[14] = 8/(real)(10725);
+ g->C4x[15] = (g->n*(3584*g->n-3328)+1144)/315315;
+ g->C4x[16] = (1024*g->n-208)/105105;
+ g->C4x[17] = -136/(real)(63063);
+ g->C4x[18] = (832-2560*g->n)/405405;
+ g->C4x[19] = -128/(real)(135135);
+ g->C4x[20] = 128/(real)(99099);
+}
diff --git a/src/geodesic.h b/src/geodesic.h
index 268cff59..acf5d875 100644
--- a/src/geodesic.h
+++ b/src/geodesic.h
@@ -1,51 +1,206 @@
-#ifndef lint
-static char GEODESIC_H_ID[] = "@(#)geodesic.h 4.3 95/08/19 GIE REL";
-#endif
+/*
+ * This is a C implementation of the geodesic algorithms described in
+ *
+ * C. F. F. Karney,
+ * Algorithms for geodesics,
+ * J. Geodesy (2012);
+ * http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0578-z
+ * Addenda: http://geographiclib.sf.net/geod-addenda.html
+ *
+ * The principal advantages of these algorithms over previous ones (e.g.,
+ * Vincenty, 1975) are
+ * * accurate to round off for abs(f) < 1/50;
+ * * the solution of the inverse problem is always found;
+ * * differential and integral properties of geodesics are computed.
+ *
+ * The shortest path between two points on the ellipsoid at (lat1, lon1) and
+ * (lat2, lon2) is called the geodesic. Its length is s12 and the geodesic
+ * from point 1 to point 2 has forward azimuths azi1 and azi2 at the two end
+ * points.
+ *
+ * Traditionally two geodesic problems are considered:
+ * * the direct problem -- given lat1, lon1, s12, and azi1, determine
+ * lat2, lon2, and azi2.
+ * * the inverse problem -- given lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, determine
+ * s12, azi1, and azi2.
+ *
+ * The ellipsoid is specified by its equatorial radius a (typically in meters)
+ * and flattening f. The routines are accurate to round off with double
+ * precision arithmetic provided that abs(f) < 1/50; for the WGS84 ellipsoid,
+ * the errors are less than 15 nanometers. (Reasonably accurate results are
+ * obtained for abs(f) < 1/5.) Latitudes, longitudes, and azimuths are in
+ * degrees. Latitudes must lie in [-90,90] and longitudes and azimuths must
+ * lie in [-540,540). The returned values for longitude and azimuths are in
+ * [-180,180). The distance s12 is measured in meters (more precisely the same
+ * units as a).
+ *
+ * The routines also calculate several other quantities of interest
+ * * SS12 is the area between the geodesic from point 1 to point 2 and the
+ * equator; i.e., it is the area, measured counter-clockwise, of the
+ * quadrilateral with corners (lat1,lon1), (0,lon1), (0,lon2), and
+ * (lat2,lon2). It is given in meters^2.
+ * * m12, the reduced length of the geodesic is defined such that if the
+ * initial azimuth is perturbed by dazi1 (radians) then the second point is
+ * displaced by m12 dazi1 in the direction perpendicular to the geodesic.
+ * m12 is given in meters. On a curved surface the reduced length obeys a
+ * symmetry relation, m12 + m21 = 0. On a flat surface, we have m12 = s12.
+ * * MM12 and MM21 are geodesic scales. If two geodesics are parallel at
+ * point 1 and separated by a small distance dt, then they are separated by
+ * a distance MM12 dt at point 2. MM21 is defined similarly (with the
+ * geodesics being parallel to one another at point 2). MM12 and MM21 are
+ * dimensionless quantities. On a flat surface, we have MM12 = MM21 = 1.
+ * * a12 is the arc length on the auxiliary sphere. This is a construct for
+ * converting the problem to one in spherical trigonometry. a12 is
+ * measured in degrees. The spherical arc length from one equator crossing
+ * to the next is always 180 degrees.
+ *
+ * Simple interface
+ *
+ * #include "geodesic.h"
+ *
+ * double a, f, lat1, lon1, azi1, lat2, lon2, azi2, s12;
+ * struct Geodesic g;
+ *
+ * GeodesicInit(&g, a, f);
+ * Direct(&g, lat1, lon1, azi1, s12, &lat2, &lon2, &azi2);
+ * Inverse(&g, lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, &s12, &azi1, &azi2);
+ *
+ * GeodesicInit initalizes g for the ellipsoid. Subsequent calls to Direct and
+ * Inverse solve the direct and inverse geodesic problems.
+ *
+ * Returning auxiliary quantities (continued from the previous example):
+ *
+ * double a12, s12_a12, m12, M12, M21, S12;
+ * a12 = GenDirect(&g, lat1, lon1, azi1, 0, s12,
+ * &lat1, &lat2, &azi2, 0, &m12, &M12, &M21, &S21);
+ * GenDirect(&g, lat1, lon1, azi1, 1, a12,
+ * &lat1, &lat2, &azi2, &s12, &m12, &M12, &M21, &S21);
+ * a12 = GenInverse(&g, lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, &s12, &azi1, &azi2,
+ * &m12, &M12, &M21, &S12);
+ *
+ * GenDirect is a generalized version of Direct allowing the return of the
+ * auxiliary quantities. With the first variant (arcmode = 0), the length of
+ * the geodesic is specified by the true length s12 and the arc length a12 is
+ * returned as the function value. In the second variant (arcmode = 1), the
+ * length is specified by the arc length a12 (in degrees), and the true length
+ * is returned via &s12.
+ *
+ * a12 = GenInverse(&g, lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, &s12, &azi1, &azi2,
+ * &m12, &M12, &M21, &S12);
+ *
+ * GenInverse is a generalized version of Inverse allowing the return of the
+ * auxiliary quantities.
+ *
+ * Any of the "return" arguments &s12, etc. in these routines may be replaced
+ * by 0, if you do not need some quantities computed.
+ *
+ * Computing multiple points on a geodesic. This may be accomplished by
+ * repeated invocations of Direct varying s12. However, it is more efficient
+ * to create a GeodesicLine object, as follows.
+ *
+ * struct GeodesicLine l;
+ * int caps = 0;
+ *
+ * GeodesicLineInit(&l, &g, a, f, lat1, lon1, azi1, caps);
+ * Position(l, s12, &lat2, &lon2, &azi2)
+ *
+ * caps is a bit mask specifying the capabilities of the GeodesicLine object.
+ * It should be an or'ed combination of
+ *
+ * LATITUDE compute lat2 (in effect this is always set)
+ * LONGITUDE compute lon2
+ * AZIMUTH compute azi2 (in effect this is always set)
+ * DISTANCE compute s12
+ * DISTANCE_IN allow the length to be specified in terms of distance
+ * REDUCEDLENGTH compute m12
+ * GEODESICSCALE compute M12 and M21
+ * AREA compute S12
+ * ALL all of the above
+ *
+ * caps = 0 is treated as LATITUDE | LONGITUDE | AZIMUTH | DISTANCE_IN (to
+ * support the solution "standard" direct problem).
+ *
+ * There's also a generalized version of Position
+ *
+ * a12 = GenPosition(&l, arcmode, s12_a12,
+ * &lat2, &lon2, &azi2, &s12, &m12, &M12, &M21, &S12);
+ *
+ * See the documentation on GenDirect for the meaning of arcmode.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2012) <charles@karney.com> and licensed
+ * under the MIT/X11 License. For more information, see
+ * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This file was distributed with GeographicLib 1.27.
+ */
+
+#if !defined(GEODESIC_H)
+#define GEODESIC_H 1
-#ifdef __cplusplus
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
extern "C" {
#endif
-#ifndef _IN_GEOD_SET
-# define GEOD_EXTERN extern
-#else
-# define GEOD_EXTERN
-#endif
+ struct Geodesic {
+ double a, f, f1, e2, ep2, n, b, c2, etol2;
+ double A3x[6], C3x[15], C4x[21];
+ };
+
+ struct GeodesicLine {
+ double lat1, lon1, azi1;
+ double a, f, b, c2, f1, salp0, calp0, k2,
+ salp1, calp1, ssig1, csig1, dn1, stau1, ctau1, somg1, comg1,
+ A1m1, A2m1, A3c, B11, B21, B31, A4, B41;
+ double C1a[6+1], C1pa[6+1], C2a[6+1], C3a[6], C4a[6];
+ unsigned caps;
+ };
+
+ void GeodesicInit(struct Geodesic* g, double a, double f);
+ void GeodesicLineInit(struct GeodesicLine* l,
+ const struct Geodesic* g,
+ double lat1, double lon1, double azi1, unsigned caps);
-GEOD_EXTERN struct geodesic {
- double A;
- double LAM1, PHI1, ALPHA12;
- double LAM2, PHI2, ALPHA21;
- double DIST;
- double ONEF, FLAT, FLAT2, FLAT4, FLAT64;
- int ELLIPSE;
-} GEODESIC;
-
-# define geod_a GEODESIC.A
-# define lam1 GEODESIC.LAM1
-# define phi1 GEODESIC.PHI1
-# define al12 GEODESIC.ALPHA12
-# define lam2 GEODESIC.LAM2
-# define phi2 GEODESIC.PHI2
-# define al21 GEODESIC.ALPHA21
-# define geod_S GEODESIC.DIST
-# define geod_f GEODESIC.FLAT
-# define onef GEODESIC.ONEF
-# define f2 GEODESIC.FLAT2
-# define f4 GEODESIC.FLAT4
-# define ff2 GEODESIC.FLAT4
-# define f64 GEODESIC.FLAT64
-# define ellipse GEODESIC.ELLIPSE
-
-
-GEOD_EXTERN int n_alpha, n_S;
-GEOD_EXTERN double to_meter, fr_meter, del_alpha;
-
-void geod_set(int, char **);
-void geod_for(void);
-void geod_pre(void);
-void geod_inv(void);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
+ void Direct(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ double lat1, double lon1, double azi1, double s12,
+ double* plat2, double* plon2, double* pazi2);
+ void Inverse(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ double lat1, double lon1, double lat2, double lon2,
+ double* ps12, double* pazi1, double* pazi2);
+ void Position(const struct GeodesicLine* l, double s12,
+ double* plat2, double* plon2, double* pazi2);
+
+ double GenDirect(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ double lat1, double lon1, double azi1,
+ int arcmode, double s12_a12,
+ double* plat2, double* plon2, double* pazi2,
+ double* ps12, double* pm12, double* pM12, double* pM21,
+ double* pS12);
+ double GenInverse(const struct Geodesic* g,
+ double lat1, double lon1, double lat2, double lon2,
+ double* ps12, double* pazi1, double* pazi2,
+ double* pm12, double* pM12, double* pM21, double* pS12);
+ double GenPosition(const struct GeodesicLine* l,
+ int arcmode, double s12_a12,
+ double* plat2, double* plon2, double* pazi2,
+ double* ps12, double* pm12,
+ double* pM12, double* pM21,
+ double* pS12);
+
+ enum mask {
+ NONE = 0U,
+ LATITUDE = 1U<<7 | 0U,
+ LONGITUDE = 1U<<8 | 1U<<3,
+ AZIMUTH = 1U<<9 | 0U,
+ DISTANCE = 1U<<10 | 1U<<0,
+ DISTANCE_IN = 1U<<11 | 1U<<0 | 1U<<1,
+ REDUCEDLENGTH = 1U<<12 | 1U<<0 | 1U<<2,
+ GEODESICSCALE = 1U<<13 | 1U<<0 | 1U<<2,
+ AREA = 1U<<14 | 1U<<4,
+ ALL = 0x7F80U| 0x1FU
+ };
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
}
#endif
+
+#endif
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2025-12-15 17:11:28 +0000