1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
|
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Manpage of PROJ</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY>
<H1>PROJ</H1>
Section: User Commands (1), Updated: 2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4<BR>
<H2>NAME</H2>
proj - forward cartographic projection filter
<BR>
invproj - inverse cartographic projection filter
<A NAME="lbAC"> </A>
<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
<B>proj</B>
[
<B>-bceEfiIlmorsStTvVwW</B>
[
<I>args</I>
] ] [
<B>+args</B>
]
file[s]
<BR>
<B>invproj</B>
[
<B>-bceEfiIlmorsStTwW</B>
[
<I>args</I>
] ] [
<B>+args</B>
]
file[s]
<A NAME="lbAD"> </A>
<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
<I>Proj</I>
and
<I>invproj</I>
perform respective forward and inverse transformation of cartographic data
to or from cartesian data with a wide range of selectable projection functions.
<P>
The following control parameters can appear in any order:
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><B>-b</B>
<DD>
Special option for binary coordinate data input and output
through standard input and standard output.
Data is assumed to be in system type
<I>double</I>
floating point words.
This option is to be used when
<B>proj</B>
is a
<I>son</I>
process and allows bypassing formatting operations.
<DT><B>-i</B>
<DD>
Selects binary input only (see
<B>-b option).</B>
<DT><B>-I</B>
<DD>
alternate method to specify inverse projection.
Redundant when used with
<B>invproj.</B>
<DT><B>-o</B>
<DD>
Selects binary output only (see
<B>-b option).</B>
<DT><B>-t</B><I>a</I>
<DD>
<I>A</I>
specifies a character employed as the first character to denote
a control line to be passed through without processing.
This option applicable to ascii input only.
(# is the default value).
<DT><B>-e</B><I> string</I>
<DD>
<I>String</I>
is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is detected during
data transformations.
The default value is: *\t*.
Note that if the
<B>-b,</B>
<B>-i</B>
or
<B>-o</B>
options are employed, an error is returned as HUGE_VAL
value for both return values.
<DT><B>-E</B>
<DD>
causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line
prior to printing the converted values.
<DT><B>-l</B><I>[p|P|=|e|u]</I><B>id</B>
<DD>
List projection identifiers with
<B>-l,</B>
<B>-lp</B>
or
<B>-lP (expanded)</B>
that can be selected with
<B>+proj.</B>
<B>-l=</B><I>id</I>
gives expanded description of projection
<I>id.</I>
List ellipsoid identifiers with
<B>-le,</B>
that can be selected with
<B>+ellps</B>
or
<B>-lu</B>
list of cartesian to meter conversion factors
that can be selected with
<B>+units.</B>
<DT><B>-r</B>
<DD>
This options reverses the order of the
expected input from longitude-latitude or x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.
<DT><B>-s</B>
<DD>
This options reverses the order of the
output from x-y or longitude-latitude to y-x or latitude-longitude.
<DT><B>-S</B>
<DD>
Causes estimation of
<I>meridinal</I>
and
<I>parallel</I>
scale factors,
<I>area</I>
scale factor and
<I>angular distortion,</I>
and
<I>maximum</I>
and
<I>minimum</I>
scale factors to be listed between <> for each input point.
For conformal projections meridinal and parallel scales factors
will be equal and angular distortion zero.
Equal area projections will have an area factor of 1.
<DT><B>-m</B><I> mult</I>
<DD>
The cartesian data may be scaled by the
<I>mult</I>
parameter.
When processing data in a forward projection mode the
cartesian output values are multiplied by
<I>mult</I>
otherwise the input cartesian values are divided by
<I>mult</I>
before inverse projection.
If the first two characters of
<I>mult</I>
are 1/ or 1: then the reciprocal value of
<I>mult</I>
is employed.
<DT><B>-f</B><I> format</I>
<DD>
<I>Format</I>
is a
<I>printf</I>
format string to control the form of the output values.
For inverse projections, the output will be in degrees when this option
is employed.
If a format is specified for inverse projection the
output data will be in decimal degrees.
The default format is "%.2f" for forward projection and DMS
for inverse.
<DT><B>-[w|W]</B><I>n</I>
<DD>
<I>N</I>
is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for
seconds output (when the option is not specified,
<B>-w3</B>
is assumed).
When
<B>-W</B>
is employed the fields will be constant width and with leading zeroes.
<DT><B>-v</B>
<DD>
causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for and
used by the program to be printed prior to input data.
Should not be used with the
<B>-T</B>
option.
<DT><B>-V</B>
<DD>
This option causes an expanded annotated listing of the characteristics
of the projected point.
<B>-v is implied with this option.</B>
<DT><B>-T</B><I> ulow,uhi,vlow,vhi,res[,umax,vmax]</I>
<DD>
This option creates a set of bivariate Chebyshev polynomial
coefficients that approximate the selected cartographic projection on
<I>stdout.</I>
The values
<I>low</I>
and
<I>hi</I>
denote the range of the input where the
<I>u</I>
or
<I>v</I>
prefixes apply to respective longitude-x or latitude-y
depending upon whether a forward or inverse projection is selected.
<I>Res</I>
is an integer number specifying the power of 10 precision of the
approximation.
For example, a
<I>res</I>
of -3 specifies an approximation with an accuracy better than .001.
<I>Umax,</I>
and
<I>vmax</I>
specify maximum degree of the polynomials (default: 15).
See also:
<B><A HREF="http://localhost/cgi-bin/man/man2html?1+fproj">fproj</A>(1).</B>
</DL>
<P>
The
<B>+args</B>
run-line arguments are associated with cartographic parameters
and usage varies with projection and for a complete description see
<I>Cartographic Projection Procedures for the UNIX Environment---A User's Manual )</I>
and supplementary documentation for Release 4.
<P>
Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two
auxilliary control files:
the first is optionally referenced with the
<B>+init=</B><I>file:id</I>
and the second is always processed after the name
of the projection has been established from either the run-line
or the contents of
<B>+init</B>
file.
The environment parameter
<B>PROJ_LIB</B>
establishes the default directory for a file reference without
an absolute path.
<P>
One or more
<I>files</I>
(processed in left to right order)
specify the source of data to be transformed.
A - will specify the location of processing standard input.
If no files are specified, the input is assumed to be from
<I>stdin.</I>
For ASCII input data the two data values must be in the
first two white space separated fields and
when both input and output are ASCII all trailing portions
of the input line are appended to the output line.
<P>
Input geographic data
(longitude and latitude) must be in DMS format and input
cartesian data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid
major axis or sphere radius units.
Output geographic coordinates will be in DMS
(if the
<B>-w</B>
switch is not employed) and precise to 0.001"
with trailing, zero-valued minute-second fields deleted.
<A NAME="lbAE"> </A>
<H2>EXAMPLE</H2>
The following script
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<BR> <TT>proj +proj=utm +lon_0=112w -r <<EOF
<BR> 45d15'33.1"<TT> </TT>111.5W<BR>
<BR> 45d15.551666667N<TT> </TT>-111d30<BR>
<BR> +45.25919444444<TT> </TT>111d30'000w<BR>
<BR> EOF</TT>
</DL>
will perform UTM forward projection with a standard UTM
central meridian nearest longitude 112°W.
The geographic values of this example are equivalent and meant
as examples of various forms of DMS input.
The x-y output data will appear as three lines of:
<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
<BR> <TT>460769.27<TT> </TT>5011648.45<BR>
</DL>
</TT><A NAME="lbAF"> </A>
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
<I>Cartographic Projection Procedures for the UNIX Environment---A User's Manual,</I>
(Evenden, 1990, Open-file report 90-284).
<BR>
<I>Map Projections Used by the U. S. Geological Survey</I>
(Snyder, 1984,
USGS Bulletin 1532).
<BR>
<I>Map Projections---A Working Manual</I>
(Synder, 1988, USGS Prof. Paper 1395).
<BR>
<I>An Album of Map Projections</I>
(Snyder & Voxland, 1989, USGS Prof. Paper 1453).
<A NAME="lbAG"> </A>
<H2>HOME PAGE</H2>
<A HREF="http://www.remotesensing.org/proj">http://www.remotesensing.org/proj</A>
<P>
<HR>
<A NAME="index"> </A><H2>Index</H2>
<DL>
<DT><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
<DT><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
<DT><A HREF="#lbAD">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
<DT><A HREF="#lbAE">EXAMPLE</A><DD>
<DT><A HREF="#lbAF">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
<DT><A HREF="#lbAG">HOME PAGE</A><DD>
</DL>
<HR>
This document was created by
<A HREF="http://localhost/cgi-bin/man/man2html">man2html</A>,
using the manual pages.<BR>
Time: 15:44:01 GMT, March 27, 2000
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
