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<section id="proj">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>proj<a class="headerlink" href="#proj" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Cartographic projection filter.</p>
<section id="synopsis">
<span id="index-0"></span><h2>Synopsis<a class="headerlink" href="#synopsis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<div><p><strong>proj</strong> [<strong>-beEfiIlmorsStTvVwW</strong>] [args]] [<em>+opt[=arg]</em> …] file …</p>
<p><strong>invproj</strong> [<strong>-beEfiIlmorsStTvVwW</strong>] [args]] [<em>+opt[=arg]</em> …] file …</p>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
<section id="description">
<h2>Description<a class="headerlink" href="#description" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><strong class="program">proj</strong> and <strong class="program">invproj</strong> perform respective forward and inverse
conversion of cartographic data to or from cartesian data with a wide
range of selectable projection functions.</p>
<p><strong class="program">invproj</strong> may not be available on all platforms; in this case
use <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-proj-I"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">proj</span> <span class="pre">-I</span></code></a> instead.</p>
<p>The following control parameters can appear in any order</p>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-b">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-b</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-b" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Special option for binary coordinate data input and output through standard
input and standard output. Data is assumed to be in system type double
floating point words. This option is to be used when <strong class="program">proj</strong> is a child process
and allows bypassing formatting operations.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-d">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-d</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre"><n></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-d" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 5.2.0: </span>Specify the number of decimals in the output.</p>
</div>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-i">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-i</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-i" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Selects binary input only (see <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-proj-b"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-b</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-I">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-I</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-I" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Alternate method to specify inverse projection. Redundant when used with
<strong class="program">invproj</strong>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-o">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-o</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-o" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Selects binary output only (see <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-proj-b"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-b</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-t-a">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-t<a></span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-t-a" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Where <em>a</em> specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a
control line to be passed through without processing. This option
applicable to ASCII input only. (# is the default value).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-e">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-e</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre"><string></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-e" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Where <em>string</em> is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is detected during
data transformations. The default value is a three character string: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*\t*</span></code>.
Note that if the <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-proj-b"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-b</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-proj-i"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-i</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-proj-o"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span></code></a> options are employed, an error
is returned as HUGE_VAL value for both return values.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-E">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-E</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-E" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line prior to
printing the converted values.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-l">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-l<[</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=id]></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-l" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>List projection identifiers that can be selected with <em>+proj</em>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">proj</span> <span class="pre">-l=id</span></code>
gives expanded description of projection <em>id</em>, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">proj</span> <span class="pre">-l=merc</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-lp">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-lp</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-lp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>List of all projection id that can be used with the <em>+proj</em> parameter.
Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">proj</span> <span class="pre">-l</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-lP">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-lP</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-lP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Expanded description of all projections that can be used with the <em>+proj</em>
parameter.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-le">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-le</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-le" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>List of all ellipsoids that can be selected with the <em>+ellps</em> parameters.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-lu">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-lu</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-lu" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>List of all distance units that can be selected with the <em>+units</em> parameter.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-r">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-r</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-r" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This options reverses the order of the expected input from
longitude-latitude or x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-s">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-s</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-s" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This options reverses the order of the output from x-y or longitude-latitude
to y-x or latitude-longitude.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-S">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-S</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-S" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Causes estimation of meridional and parallel scale factors, area scale
factor and angular distortion, and maximum and minimum scale factors to be
listed between <> for each input point. For conformal projections meridional
and parallel scales factors will be equal and angular distortion zero. Equal
area projections will have an area factor of 1.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-m">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-m</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre"><mult></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-m" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The cartesian data may be scaled by the <em>mult</em> parameter. When processing data
in a forward projection mode the cartesian output values are multiplied by
<em>mult</em> otherwise the input cartesian values are divided by <em>mult</em> before inverse
projection. If the first two characters of <em>mult</em> are 1/ or 1: then the
reciprocal value of <em>mult</em> is employed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-f">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-f</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre"><format></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-f" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Where <em>format</em> is a printf format string to control the form of the output values.
For inverse projections, the output will be in degrees when this option is
employed. The default format is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%.2f"</span></code> for forward projection and DMS for
inverse.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-w-n">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-w<n></span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-w-n" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Where <em>n</em> is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
output (when the option is not specified, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w3</span></code> is assumed).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-W-n">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-W<n></span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-W-n" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Where <em>n</em> is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds
output. When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-W</span></code> is employed the fields will be constant width
with leading zeroes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-v">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-v</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-v" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for and used by
the program to be printed prior to input data.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="std option">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-proj-V">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-V</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-proj-V" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This option causes an expanded annotated listing of the characteristics of
the projected point. <a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-proj-v"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-v</span></code></a> is implied with this option.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <em>+opt</em> run-line arguments are associated with cartographic parameters.
Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two auxiliary
control files: the first is optionally referenced with the
<em>+init=file:id</em> and the second is always processed after the name of the
projection has been established from either the run-line or the contents of
+init file. The environment parameter <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../usage/environmentvars.html#envvar-PROJ_LIB"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PROJ_LIB</span></code></a> establishes the
default directory for a file reference without an absolute path. This is
also used for supporting files like datum shift files.</p>
<p>Usage of <em>+opt</em> varies with projection and for a complete description
consult the <a class="reference internal" href="../operations/projections/index.html#projections"><span class="std std-ref">projection pages</span></a>.</p>
<p>One or more files (processed in left to right order) specify the source of
data to be converted. A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code> will specify the location of processing standard
input. If no files are specified, the input is assumed to be from stdin.
For ASCII input data the two data values must be in the first two white space
separated fields and when both input and output are ASCII all trailing
portions of the input line are appended to the output line.</p>
<p>Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS or decimal degrees format and input
cartesian data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid major axis or
sphere radius units. Output geographic coordinates will be in DMS (if the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-w</span></code> switch is not employed) and precise to 0.001” with trailing, zero-valued
minute-second fields deleted.</p>
</section>
<section id="example">
<h2>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The following script</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">proj +proj=utm +lon_0=112w +ellps=clrk66 -r <<EOF</span>
<span class="go">45d15'33.1" 111.5W</span>
<span class="go">45d15.551666667N -111d30</span>
<span class="go">+45.25919444444 111d30'000w</span>
<span class="go">EOF</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>will perform UTM forward projection with a standard UTM central meridian
nearest longitude 112W. The geographic values of this example are equivalent
and meant as examples of various forms of DMS input. The x-y output
data will appear as three lines of:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>460769.27 5011648.45
</pre></div>
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